The Colonization Of Land By Plants And Fungi Flashcards
What’s one huge difference between plants and fungi
Plants are photosynthetic photoautrophic and fungi are heterotrophs
How are humans plants fungi and charophyte algae related
Charophyte algae are sister taxa while fungi and animals are sister taxa
What does a fungus grow out of or on
It grows on its food compared to a plant which makes its food. It lives on its food in order to digest it and get the nutrients it need to survive. The fungus secretes enzymes out of its body on the food to break down the molecules so they are small enough to. E absorbed by the funguses body. Similar to animals
Why are we called animals
Movement like animate. Animals are animated organisms to obtain their food
Do humans put food into their body
No
Food is put into the Alimentary canal which is the tube from mouth to anus. And I’m the tube is still outside of the body because the food doesn’t go into the cells. Digestive enzymes are secreted out of the body to break down the food and absorbed the small enough molecules. Similar to a fungus
What are the two groups of algae and which is closest related to plants
There are chlorophyte algae and charophyte and charophyte is most closely related
Evidence that charophyte algae and plants are sister taxa?
Protein complexes that are ring like that act as molecular machines. Both charophyte and plants have cell wall. Both are made of cellulose
Strings of structural glucose monosaccharides
Ring like protein complex exports the glucose structural sacharides to outside cell to make cell wall
What are the two processes that make one an organisms life cycle.
Fertilization
Meiosis
What is fertilization
Fusion of two u unicellular gametes to produce one unicellular zygote
It doubles the ploidy
What is ploidy
How many of each type of chromosomes you have
Why was sex successful
Because it drastically increases the genetic variability of each offspring
May make the offspring more fit to their environment
What un does the doubling of the ploidy
Meiosis and fertilization doubles it
What do all sexual species have i. Terms of their stages of ploidy
A haploid stage and diploid stage
Fungi live their adult life as haploid or diploid
Haploid. Their cells are haploid of their body
The gametes will creat a zygot that immediately undergoes meiosis that then grow from there
Alternation of generation
Only for plants. The haploid stage and the diploid stage are multicellular. The sporophyte is the diploid stage
The gametophytes is the haploid stage
Bryophytes
Easily see the gametophyte generation and the sporophyte generation
They are very small moss sporophyte on top supported by the gametophyte
Why can’t cells get indefinitely big
Because of the surface area to volume ratio. The more volume you have the less surface there is to exchange enough materials for that much volume. Volume increases faster than surface area
How do large multicellular organisms exist. What brings the nutrients to the cells that are deep with the organisms that can’t be reached by diffusion
Vessels. Like blood vessels in humans.
Conducted through the vessels is a fluid that is the environment that cells can use to get their nutrients
Fungi are made up Tunisia called hapha the collection of these are called what
Mycelium
Mycelium do what
Narrow tubes that run through the food that drastically increase the surface area of contact between the fungus and the food
What does the mushroom shaped thing represent on fungi
A sexual organ called a fruiting body for producing spores. This makes more fungi. At this point the fungus is already mature
Mycorrhizal relationship
Fungus root. Myco means fungus
Hypha of fungus go through cell walls of plant but do not pierce the membrane and lay a hand looking surface on the membrane. Like fingers poking a water balloon
This maximizes the surface area to exchange Marie materials between the plant and fungus
Mutualistic symbiosis
How can fungi reproduce
Sexually or asexually
Fertilization of fungi is separated into two ways based on time and the fusion of membrane and nucleus. What are the two different things called
Plasmogamy- fusion of cytoplasm temporarily with two nuclei this is a heterokaryotic stage- different nuclei
Karyogamy- the fusion of the two nuclei
Of the cell
Then there is a zygote
Adult fungus going through a sexual reproduction is
Doesn’t undergo meiosis because it is already haploid so it produces cells that are the same through meiosis and then releases these through spores. These offspring are identical to the parent
What are the five major groups of fungi
Chytrids which are the basal taxon(1000species) Zygomycetes(1000) Glomeromycetes (160 but most widespread) Ascomycetes (65,000) Basidiomycetes (30,000)
How are chytrids different from the rest of the catergories of fungi
They are unicellular
Include yeast.
Some are also aquatic
Are plants a true clade
Yes. This is also true for plants animals and fungi
What did plants evolve from
An ancestral green alga
What are the two major groups of plants
Non vascular and vascular
Vascular plants can be split into what two major groups
Seedless ie ferns are the most common example does. It produce seeds has free swimming gametes
And
Seed plants
Seeded vascular plant ya have what over other plants
The most advantage because the seed allows for more adaptive radiation and reproduction
What are the two types of seeded plants
Gymnosperms ( means naked seed)
And
Angiosperms (chambered seed or vessels)
Angiosperms are the most successful
What is the most successful type of plant
Angiosperms because they developed flowers fruit double fertilization
What is the dominant generation of bryophytes
The gametophyte is the dominant generation because it is larger and supports the sporophyte
Seedless vascular plants have what dominant generation
The sporophyte generation is dominant and is much bigger than the gametophytes. It both are multicellular because of alternation of generations
Seeded vascular plants have what dominant generation
Sporophyte is the dominant generation and the gametophyte is only a couple cells and within the body of the sporophyte
An underutilized seed of a plant is called what
An ovule
An ovule contains what
The gametophyte generation inside it and if the sperm from the male gametophyte then the ovul becomes a seed with a developing embryo
Why do plants make flowers
To attract animals to help the plants pollinate.
4 worls of flowers
Carpel female part egg producing device and producing of ovule
Stamen.
Petal
Sepal
What is a lichen
Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a microscopic photosynthetic organism
Grow on bare rock
Allows for soil production from the rock by breaking it down along with organic material from the organisms
Endophyte
A fungus within a plant and the cells. Not the roots mutualistic relationship
Less mortality rate of leaf with endophyte
Radial symmetry and bilateral of flowers was proven to ha e more what in one of the symmetries
More adaptive radiation in the radial summery because insects can get in easier and brush the appropriate stuff more easily compare to bilateral flowers
