The Origin And Diversification Of Eukaryotes Flashcards
What is the dichotomy of cells
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Which cell came first
Prokaryotes
What is something shown in the first slide that eukaryotic cells can do that prokaryotic can not?
A drastic change in shape to engulf another cell
Certain eukaryotic cells can do this because of a complex cytoskeleton
What does cytoskeleton mean
What is it made up of
Skeleton of the cell
It is a framework to keep things in place in the cell.
Continuously changing structure
It is a complex set of proteins 3 sets
Microtubials
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
When did eukaryotic cells come into existence
At least we About 1.8 bya based on fossil evidence
There was a variety of cell fossils at this time suggesting that the first eukaryotes must have come earlier
What happened about 1.8 to 1.3 bya for eukaryotes that is it’s on category
The initial eukaryotes and then diversification
All unicellular but developing cell types
1.3 bya to 750 mya
Appearance of novel feature or things that didn’t exist before
Evolution of eukaryotic photosynthesis
First sexual reproducing organisms
True complex multicellularity- not just multiple cells but multiple types doing different stuff - everything is still small however
From about 635 mya to present is where what happened to eukaryotes?
Animals plants and fungi came about
How did eukaryotic cells come to be
Based on cell theory
Eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells that evolved
What is a differences in the name between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Membrane bounded organelles and membrane bounded nucleons
Prokaryotes to eukaryote
An anaerobic Archean, didn’t not undergo aerobic respiration, was a free living cell eating other things didn’t have nucleus
Nucleor envelope evolved, the plasma membrane has envaginasions that fold towards the DNA rapping around nicleoid until it’s enclosed
The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell that explains how it came from prokaryotes based on the membrane
There is two membranes - the nucleor envelope is two phospholipid bilayer
And then the pinch off leads to eneoplamic reticulum
Endosymbiotic theory
For appearance of mitochondria and chloroplast
Engulfed bacterium survived being eaten and lived inside cell- endosymbiosis
This bacteria was capable of aerobic respiration
Phagocytosis
First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion
Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell
Same thing happened with a photosynthetic bacterium leading to the chloroplast- this came later cause not all eukaryotes are photosynthetic
Phagocytosis
The process of a cell eating another cell
Rapping blasma membrane around the thing being engulfed - then the piece of plasma membrane encoded the thing(bacterium) engulfed
First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion
Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell
Cereal endosymbiosis
Primary endosymbiosis leads to another secondary and multiple membranes of the plastid
Colonial life of eukaryotes lead to
Evolved to make cells stick together making it easier to survive
This lead to cell types to diversify and multicellular organisms to come into existence
All animals are
Multicellular
Clade monophyletic
A taxon than include an ancestral or to everything and all the descendants
What is the sister taxon to animals
Choanoflagellates
Chanoflagellates are closely related to
Sponges. The choanocytes pretty much identical also DNA evidence
What defines a proteins function
The order of amino acids determines it conformation which gives it their function.
Domains- certain part of the protein giving its shape “CCD domain in animals”
Cadherans
Proteins important in animals that allow adjacent cells to anchor them together. Important for multicellular organisms
Domains of proteins
Are the part of a protein that gives it its function like a functional groups of and type of molecules
Coanoflagellates don’t have
Ccd domain
And cadherans
What are the four major subgroups within domain eukaryotes
Excavata
“SAR” Clade
Unikonta
Archaeplastida
Protists
Informal group
Any eukaryote that is not an animal plant or fungus
Alga ( plural for algae)
Any photosynthetic protist
So not a plant
SAR
Straminapiles
Alvelotes
Rhizerlans
Excavata
Get their name for excavated ridge on cell surface a lot of them have it
Vast majority are unicellular
Some are parasitic
Some are photosynthetic
Animals are what sub group of domain eukaryea
Unikonta
Protists have the most elaborate what if all life
Cells and their shape
All strominapiles are
Photosynthetic
Brown algae and diatoms make up strominapiles
How do diatoms make their outside
Excreted by the cell that lives inside it
Makes a case that’s two part around the cell
Made out of silicone dioxide or glass. Different shapes
The shell allows for protection. There is wholes so cell can communicate with surroundings
What is the elaborateness of prokaryotes
Their biochemistry
Brown algae
Apart of strominapiles
No roots but have holdfasts
Stipe
Blades
Alveoli means what
Little sack
Alvelotes in the SAR clade
Some are parasitic
Photosynthetic
Celium means what
Hair
Is used by cells for locomotion and beat back and forth to propel cell through medium
Some are ciliated and stuck to the surface like the epithelium in body that is made up of ciliated cells that make mucus
Cilia sweeps the Debree that gets stuck and send it to the stomach
Chromatophore is what
A kind of chloroplast
Maybe a second engulfing of an aerobic bacterium
Rhizerian
Archaeplastidida
Means old plastids
All photosynthetic
Red algae
Chlorophytes -green algae
Charophyte -green algae
Land plants
All have plastids because they are photosynthetic
Pigments
A molecular that’s able to absorbed light at a certain wave length
Required for photosynthesis
Paramecium
An example of an alvelote
Specifically a ciliate
R part of SAR is the Rizarions
Idk 1:03
What makes the difference in brow red or green algae
Particular pigment used by the organism.
A particular light observed by they organism
They look different colors to us because of the light that strikes them
They absorb some colors and reflect colors that we see
Which is most closely related to plants charophytes or chlorophytes. Both of which are green algae
Charophytes are most closely related
Slime molds
Blurred the line between uniceellularity and multicellularity
Asexual and sexual part of their life cycle
Closely related to humans. They are haploid individuals who
Amoeba
Any cell that moves by pseudopodial locomotion ( false feet)
Acts like a leg to walk on then gets put back into the cell
Lifestyle of slime molds
They will live part of their life as unicellular and the if the co situons are good ie moisture and food, they will reproduce sexually
Haploid amoebas can act as gametes to produce a diploid zygote , and then the unicellular zygote immediately undergoes meiosis, unlike humans, to produce more cells
If food runs out or water dries up they become multicellular millions of amoebas coming together into a mass, looks like snot
The snot will go to better conditions where some of the cells will die out and then and stock forms with fruiting bodies that produce more amoebas asexually
What does a community have to have
Producers because consumers need the producers
Prokaryotic produces
Phytoplankton-photosynthetic plankton
Plankton refers to really small organisms that drifts in the ocean
Phyto means plant but they are not plants
Zooplankton- plankton the consume phytoplankton
Top position of food chain is what
A precarious position to be In Because it a dangerous place if if something goes wrong. They are the most likely to go extinct if they are on top of trophic structure
Mutualistic symbiosis
Benefits both the host and the one living within like and termite and the unikont within that helps break down cellulose in wood
