Part 2 of acquisition of resources for plants Flashcards
The things living on land are surrounded by what that 3 quarters of the air
Nitrogen
Almost no organism can used n2 in that form because it is has a triple bond so it’s too strong to break
Bacteria can do what with N2
Break the triple bind and allow the rest of the world to use nitrogen
Only specific species can do this
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Bacteria that take N2 and incorporating it into something that is a nitrogenous compound
What nitrogenous compounds can you pants use
Ammonium NH4+ and nitrate NO3-
Nitrate is favored and when it’s taken by plant it is converted to ammonium
Denitrifying bacteria
Take the nitrogenous compounds and turn them back to N2
Legumes
Have root nodules that look like growths but are healthy because they are a mutualistic endosymbiosis
The nodules has bacteria that fix nitrogen and provide enough nitrogen for the plant and also enrich the soil
What are the two major categories of mycorrhizae
Exctomycorrhizae Thick matte of fungus on the outside of the root and not near cells of plant
Arbuscular mycorrhizae. A bunch of branches of the fungus that have handsome structure that have a greater surface area contact to the plant
Epiphyte
A plant that lives on another plant. Not parasitic only using the other plant as a surface
Parasitic plants
Some use a little bit of photosynthesis but may give it up to two into the vessels or mycorrhizae of another plant species for their nutrition
Carnivorous plants
Take organic material from something else like an animal to use it as food
What eventually blocks things on the apoplastic route as it gets further into the root
Eventually you will run into a barrier made up of a circle of cells that has casparian strip making a wall of protein
Plasmadesmata allows things through the cells
What is the engine pulling transpiration
Evaporation that is caused by the hydrogen bonds of water molecules that is being pulled through evaporation and goes all the way down to the soil
Cohesion and adhesion are taking place to cause upward movement
Adhesion makes the water molecules move up the wall of the tubes and then water molecules sticking to themselves cohesion
Cohesion
The force of attraction between molecules of the same type
Adhesion
The attraction of different types of molecules
What happens if a tree is too tall
Gravity will win and break some of the hydrogen bonds that will cause a cavity of space not filled with xylem. Nothing would drag the rest of the water molecules and the tree would die
Socoyas have a very well made transpiration system to make them the tallest things
Where are stomata found
On both surfaces of the leaf
Why do plants need stoma
For evaporation and to allow CO2 to come in for photosynthesis
What are stoma on leafs
Made up of guard cells
When oppened the cell wall near the opening is thick and the one further away is thin and micro fibers are oriented from the further side from the opening to pull the stoma open
The inflation of the cell is cause by osmosis
This opens and closes its: osmosis
How do plants create an osmotic gradient
Through a solute gradient
Hydrogen ions are being pump and wants to come back in and brings potassium ions which means there is a high amount of potasuons concentration causing osmosis to favor the turgid effect of the plant.
How do oleanders stop too much evaporation on their leaves
Their stoma is in a little cave which reduces the wind that causes evaporation to slow it down and keep water
Where does sugar travel in most species to the sink
Through the symplast to the sink through the phloem
Other species sometimes the sucrose will leave the cells and travel apoplasticly and is brought back to the cell by secondary active transport of sucrose
Pressurization of sugar
Cause by the sugar created at the source and then through osmosis of the xylem next to it , it goes towards the sink.
At the sink end, the sucrose is needed so it uses it and the concentration is lower making it more watery there making the tendency for water to go back to the xylem through osmosis.
These bothe give a continuous phloem sap
