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Biology > DNA/replication > Flashcards

DNA/replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

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2
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic acid has?

A

Hydrogen on 2 prime end instead of OH

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3
Q

Ribose has?

A

Hydroxide (OH) on 2 prime end

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4
Q

Where is the phosphate group on a nucleotide

A

The 5 prime end

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5
Q

The 3 prime is what on a nucleotide

A

Nitrogen containing base

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6
Q

Purines are?

A

Adenine and guanine

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7
Q

Pyrimidines are ?

A

Cytosine

Thymine

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8
Q

What is DNA for

A

To replicate and utilize information

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9
Q

What do the hydrogen bonds do

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides is what keeps the two stands of DNA helix together

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10
Q

Antiparallel structure in DNA

A

Is when the DNA pairs with the opposing DNA stand, they are going In the opposite direction.
5’——-3’
3’——-5’

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11
Q

Who gets credit for the double helix?

A

Crick/ and Watson but Roslin was the one to discover (women)

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12
Q

Where does DNA replication start?

A

Origin of replication- this is where the two strands of DNA are spectated

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13
Q

What does topoisomerase do

A

It corrects “overwinding” ahead of the replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

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14
Q

Helicase

A

In DNA replication, this enzyme unzips the DNA helix structure resulting in a replication fork

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15
Q

Primase

A

Makes a small piece of RNA called a “primer” that allows DNA polymerase to begin

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds DNA bases from 5’ to 3’ end one at a time

17
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Since DNA polymerase works 5 to 3 prime, the lagging strand that goes 5 to 3 prime need to be separated into chunks

18
Q

DNA ligase

A

Seals DNA strands of the new replicated daughter and parent strands to make one continuous strand

19
Q

Why is DNA replication semiconservative

A

Because each DNA molecule is made up of one conserved DNA strand and a new one

20
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does T-A have

A

2

21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do G-A have?

A

3

22
Q

Single strand binding proteins

A

Bonds to the single strand DNA and help stabilize

23
Q

Radiation can do what to DNA

A

Cause a Thymine Dimer where they are bonded together

24
Q

How many pairs of chromosome do we have

A

23 pairs, 46 total
22 are somatic
1 is sex

25
Q

Base analogs

A

Are look alike to the base this is what chemotherapy is

26
Q

How many enzymes help with DNA repair

A

50

27
Q

Mutagen

A

Errors in the DNA that are not corrected

28
Q

Interphase in cell cycle

What are the cell sub-phases

A

Primarily cell growth but not cell division. Most cells spend most of their time
Cancer is an exception to this

G1 is where cell grows
Synthesis- synthesizing of DNA
G2 cell grows and prepares to divide

29
Q

Mitosis

A

Is active cell division
Division of nucleus
Eukaryotic cells

30
Q

Syntheisis

A

Is where DNA replication occurs

31
Q

G2 phase of interphase

A

Prepare for microtubials make 4 tubes

32
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Is the division of cytoplasm

33
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces sex cells( gametes

One copy of each chromosome

34
Q

Centromere

A

Is where two sister chromatids are joined together to make one chromosome

35
Q

What is a gene

A

A region of DNA

A specific sequence of nucleotides ( thousands of base pairs in length

36
Q

How many genes do humans approximately have?

A

30,000 to 40,000

37
Q

Where does transcription begin

A

Promoter TATA box

RNA polymerase recognizes it

38
Q

Initiation of RNA for gene expression

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter; DNA strands unwind then initiate RNA synthesis

39
Q

Elongation in RNA synthesis

A

Polymerase moves downstream , unwinds DNA elongates transcript 5’ to 3’

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