Unit 3 Flashcards
Energy
The capacity to perform. Different types Elight Esound Eelectrical Egrqdient Echemical
1st law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred or transformed. But cannot be created. Or destroyed
2nd law of thermodynamics g
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder of the universe) whenever you transfer or transform energy, most of the energy is lost as heat
Exergonic reactions
Proceed with a net releas of evergy. Something giving off energy. Be molecules formed have less energy than the react and or substrates
Net release of free energy
Kinetic energy
Is the energy of motion
Potential energy
Is energy that is stored
Activation energy
For any reaction to occur molecules no must not only collide but collide with enough sufficient energy. So reactions never occur without receiving a boost of energy
This is the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must posses in order to undergo a specified reaction
What is energy used for on a cell level and body level
Actively transporting molecules across the cell membrane
Building and rearranging molecules.
Moving body parts
Energy from glucose goes to what carrier in humans
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Phosphate bonds are unstable and bonds are unstable and highly energetic. Hydrolysis between phosphate groups releases energy
What is an example of an end ergo doc reaction
Photosynthesis (energy is being used, in living systems these are usually coupled)
What does an enzyme do to the activation energy
It decreases the activation energy by acting as a catalyst for reactants. It raises the rate of reaction.
How many substrates do enezyme generally react with
Generally with one
Feedback inhibition
One of the most common methods of metabolic control. When the Neto olive pathway is switched off or slowed down by the end product
What is the part of the enzyme called where the substrate attaches to?
Active site
Anabolism
Building (muscles) anabolic steroids
Catabolism
Reading down
Cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Exergonic reaction have what type of curve
Exergonic reaction have a downhill curve where the reactants have more free energy and the products have less
The hydrolysis of ATP
The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP can be broken down with water and the difference of free energy released between the reactants and products are used within the cell for chemical transport and mechanical work
Each phosphate group in ATP is?
Negatively charged. The bonds between them are negatively charged
How can activation energy be provided
ATP and enzymes
What are enzymes
Proteins or glycoproteins that lower activation energy by grabbing on to the reactants and place stress on the bonds so that they break
Coenzyme
An enzyme that helps another enzyme with the active site shape so the substrate can attach
Competitive inhibitors
Bind to the active site and make it harder or impossible for the substrate(s) to bind
Non competitive inhibitors
Bind to the allosteric site and change the shape of the enzyme making it harder for the substrate to fit active site
Photosynthesis
The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy. Endergonic reqction
Photo means light
And synthesis means to put things together
Only organisms that contain_____ can photosynthesize
Chlorophyll (photosynthetic pigments
Autotrophs
Plants or self feeders they sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings. Produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules like CO2
Also known as the producers
Heterotrophs
Obtain organic material from other organisms they are the consumers
Carbon fixation
The production of organic carbon containing molecules from carbon dioxide gas
Photosynthesis equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O —> 6 O2 + C6H12O6. Through light
Stomata (stoma)
Pores in the leaves where CO2 enters
Redox reaction means
The reaction can go both ways like photosynthesis to cellular respiration
Invokes GER and LEO
Leaves contain what in the tissue
Mesophyll that have chloroplast the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Organelles where photosynthesis occurs contains thylakoids
Thylakoids
Contains (chlorophyll a) where light is absorbed
Grana
The stack or thylakoids
Stroma
Dense fluid In The chloroplast
Contain enzymes that catalyze reactions in synthesis of carbohydrates
How many chloroplast can be in a single plant cell
Between 1 and 100
The membrane inside the chloroplast is made up of ___membranes
Thylakoids
Why are leaves green
Because they absorb mostly red, blue, and violet light and reflect a green light back
In a photo system what does the proton from the light do ) how do plants harvest light
Protons strike the chlorophyll until one high powered electron jumps out and goes to primary electron receptor(a protein)
Cellular respiration
Is the release of energy from molecules such as glucose accompanied by the use of this energy to synthesize ATP molecules
Aerobic
Requires O2
Gives of CO2
Glucose is oxidized Into what is the equation
6CO2. Carbon dioxide
O2 is reduced into what within cellular respiration equation
6H2O
Water
NAD+ and FAD are ?
Two coenzymes of redox reactions that are active during cellular respirations
What is the four step process of converting food into energy
Glycolysis
Preparatory reaction
Centric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Start with one melocule of glucose a 6 carbon sugar
Glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic
Anaerobic- does not need oxygen in cellular respiration
Glycolysis produced how many net ATP
A net of 2. It requires 2 and then produces 4. 4-2=2
Byproducts of glycolysis go to?
Fermentation
