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Biology > Plant Structure And Growth > Flashcards

Plant Structure And Growth Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The entire plant taxon is a

A

Clade

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2
Q

Two major subdivisions of plants

A

Vascular and Non vascular plants (bryohytes

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3
Q

Two major subgroups of vascular plants

A

Seeded and seedless plants

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4
Q

Seeded plants can be subdivided into

A

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

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5
Q

Angiosperms can be subdivided into

A

Eudicots and monocots

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6
Q

Monocot means

A

One cotyledon

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7
Q

Eudicot means

A

Truly two Cotyledon

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8
Q

Cotyledons are

A

Seed leafs

The jobs is to feed the embryo that is growing within the seed

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9
Q

Primary structures of leaves

A

Most cases, leaves are used for photosynthesis

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10
Q

What makes a seed

A

Fertilization has occurred. Contains an embryo of a sporophyte

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11
Q

Leaf venation

A

Refers to the patterns that the veins make

The vessels in the leaf are specific to the type of angiosperms

Monocots leaf venation consist of veins running parallel

Eudicot the veins are usually netlike in the leaf

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12
Q

Vascular bundles are

A

Bundles of vascular tissue

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13
Q

Stems can tell the difference from a cross section of a eudicot and monocot through the?

A

The arrangement of the vascular bundles are different for the two

Monocot- vascular bundles are scattered

Eudicot - vascular bundles are in a ring

Usually but not always

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14
Q

Eudicot and monocot difference in roots ?

A

Monocot- the root system is usually fibrous( no main root)
slender roots and numerous
Eudicot- taproot which is far bigger than the rest and is thick and goes deep. It has other roots that spring from it

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15
Q

Bryophytes don’t have what regarding their root system

A

A true root system because they aren’t vascular plants

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16
Q

True root system has two major functions

A

To keep it into the ground

Obsorb the water and minerals in the water into the plant through roots.

Taproot mostly keeps the plant in the ground

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17
Q

Pollin difference in a eudicot and monocot

A

Monocot has a single opening in the pollen grain

Eudicot has three openings

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18
Q

Flower difference of eudicot and monocot

A

Monocot has some multiple of three

Eudicot has some multiple of four or five

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19
Q

What are the two major parts of a vascular plants body

A

A root system and a shoot system

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20
Q

Two major types of shoots

A

Vegetative shoots for adding more to the body of the plants

Reproductive shoots for adding more plants. These are flowers in angiosperms

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21
Q

Plants have indeterminate growth. What does this mean

A

They grow throughout their lifetime because they have juvenile tissue that continues to develop in their adult bodies.

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22
Q

Internode

A

Part of a stem and in between nodes. Which are the point of branches and the stem

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23
Q

Buds contain what

A

Juvenile tissue
Apical bud is at the tip

And axilary bud are at a node

Both contain maristems which are capable of new growth

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24
Q

Root hairs

A

Invisibly small where an individual cell has food in its membrane that increase the surface area so the most water and minerals can be taken from the soil

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25
Q

What is in siren to contact with the root hairs

A

The soil solution

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26
Q

Pnuematophors

A

Plants that are adapted to bogs that are filled with waterlogged soil. Plants that live in this condition have evolved strawlike snorkels that can absorb air

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27
Q

Storage roots

A

Stores food that came from photosynthesis in leaves

28
Q

Adventitious

A

Appearing in an unexpected place

Parasitic tree that covered another tree

29
Q

Rhizome

A

Grow horizontally that are stems underground where true roots can grow down and shoots can grow up

30
Q

Tubers

A

Stems or potatoes that store food

31
Q

Cacti

A

Modified leaves that aren’t photosynthetic. They are the spikes that protect the organism

That green part are stems and trunk can photosynthesize

32
Q

Tendrils

A

A rope like structure that come from a plant and raps aim round whatever it finds and could up to pull the rest of the plant to the structure for support

33
Q

Reproductive leaves

A

Have to do with reproduction but not sexual. Still vegetative shoots because they do asexual reproduction. Leaves are easily able to fall off to grow while new individual that are identical to original plant

34
Q

Storage leaves

A

Modified leaf that store food for the plant

35
Q

What are the three major types of tissues I. Plants

A

Dermal the part you touch

Vascular includes vessels that are connected together

Everything else is ground tissue

36
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Flimsiest of the rest of the cells

Do the majority of the metabolism in the shoot system. Soft part of the leaf with about 50 chloroplast

37
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Form collums for structure and are kinda tough but still flexible and can sometimes hold up seedlings. They

38
Q

What cells remain alive at functional maturity

A

Paranchyma and collenchyma Cells.

39
Q

Schlerenchyma cells

A

Toughest cells of the three and much more rigid because of the thickness of the cell walls with a lot of lignin
These cells only occur when a plant is getting tougher and wider. Not taker

Unlike the other two these cells are often dead at functional maturity. Exists after it’s dead for its function

40
Q

What are the two categories of vascular tissues in plants

A

Xylem and phloem

These tubes make separate highway systems that carry serape things. They carry sap

Xylem sap looks like water

Phloem sap is thick and sugary

41
Q

Xylem tubes are made up of cells that make

A

Tracheostomy’s and vessels
Cells that are stacked end to end

Cells that make up xylem day at functional maturity and make a hollow perforated structure for the water to go through

42
Q

Cells that make up phloem

A

Made up of drive tube elements( individual cells) that don’t die a functional maturity because they need a membrane transporter to get things into the tube. But lose most of their cytoplasm. However right outside of the tube is a full cytoplasm cells called a companion cells that keeps the drive tube and other cell Alice

43
Q

Growth in a multicellular organism means

A

That you’re adding more cells

44
Q

Two types of plant growth

A

Primary growth. Growth in the length of a structure

Secondary growth requires primary growth. An increase in the diameter or thickness of the structure after primary growth

45
Q

Primary maristems

A

Apical and axillary meristems

46
Q

Lateral maristems

A

Occur after primary growth during secondary and is when the plant is getting wider.

Includes vascular cambium which is more inner will make the xylem and phloem after it develops. This is in addition to the xylem and phloem that is already there during primary growth in apical maristems

And cork cambium which is outer

47
Q

The vascular cambium always

A

Lays secondary xylem on the inside of itself and secondary phloem on the outside itself

48
Q

The cork cambium produces

A

Park of the bark called the cork

49
Q

What is near the tip of roof caps

A

A zone of cell division where cells are undergoing mitosis to make new cells in order to grow

50
Q

Cell proliferation

A

Adding more cells

51
Q

Root cap has

A

Cells that become hard to protect the rest of the cells in the zone of cell division Most of these cells will mature upward to the zone of elongation

52
Q

Zone of elongation

A

The cells that came from the zone of cell division that are older. They are getting longer

53
Q

Zone of differntation

A

This is older cells that began to become different types of cells

54
Q

A cross section of a eudicot has

A

A cross looking pattern of xylem and between the arms are the phloem. And one cross in the root of the branch

55
Q

A cross section of a monocot has

A

Several different vascular bundles which is partly xylem and phloem

56
Q

The apical bud will grow

A

Unchecked unless something happens to it then the priority goes to the axillary buds

57
Q

Apical bud dominance

A

Releases chemical signals that tells axillary buds that they can’t grow yet. If they are removed then the singnal is no longer there and the axillary buds can grow

58
Q

Leaves are organized

A

En epidermis on the top and bottom and then paranchyma cells ( mesophyll cells) and the vessels in between

59
Q

Waxy later that water proofs the epidermis

A

Cuticle

60
Q

Guard cells

A

Opening on the epidermis( stoma) of a leaf Requires two cells that open or close depending on their shape allowing CO2 in and oxygen out and water out

61
Q

Bark contain

A

The cork and the secondary phloem

62
Q

What makes something a stem cell

A

Cell that when it is divides into two cell can produce any different kinds of cells

63
Q

Totipotence

A

The condition to which a stem cell can produce any type of cells in the organism. Totally potent

64
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Can turn into different type of cells but not all of them

65
Q

Maristems on a plant are pluripotent or totipotent

A

Totipotent cells. So easy to grow a plant from an existing plant. One Maristen to produce another plant and why they have indeterminate growth

66
Q

Stem cells divide

A

One cell that replaces the stem cell and then another that’s a different type of cell

Biology (23 decks)

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