Plant Structure And Growth Flashcards
The entire plant taxon is a
Clade
Two major subdivisions of plants
Vascular and Non vascular plants (bryohytes
Two major subgroups of vascular plants
Seeded and seedless plants
Seeded plants can be subdivided into
Angiosperms and gymnosperms
Angiosperms can be subdivided into
Eudicots and monocots
Monocot means
One cotyledon
Eudicot means
Truly two Cotyledon
Cotyledons are
Seed leafs
The jobs is to feed the embryo that is growing within the seed
Primary structures of leaves
Most cases, leaves are used for photosynthesis
What makes a seed
Fertilization has occurred. Contains an embryo of a sporophyte
Leaf venation
Refers to the patterns that the veins make
The vessels in the leaf are specific to the type of angiosperms
Monocots leaf venation consist of veins running parallel
Eudicot the veins are usually netlike in the leaf
Vascular bundles are
Bundles of vascular tissue
Stems can tell the difference from a cross section of a eudicot and monocot through the?
The arrangement of the vascular bundles are different for the two
Monocot- vascular bundles are scattered
Eudicot - vascular bundles are in a ring
Usually but not always
Eudicot and monocot difference in roots ?
Monocot- the root system is usually fibrous( no main root)
slender roots and numerous
Eudicot- taproot which is far bigger than the rest and is thick and goes deep. It has other roots that spring from it
Bryophytes don’t have what regarding their root system
A true root system because they aren’t vascular plants
True root system has two major functions
To keep it into the ground
Obsorb the water and minerals in the water into the plant through roots.
Taproot mostly keeps the plant in the ground
Pollin difference in a eudicot and monocot
Monocot has a single opening in the pollen grain
Eudicot has three openings
Flower difference of eudicot and monocot
Monocot has some multiple of three
Eudicot has some multiple of four or five
What are the two major parts of a vascular plants body
A root system and a shoot system
Two major types of shoots
Vegetative shoots for adding more to the body of the plants
Reproductive shoots for adding more plants. These are flowers in angiosperms
Plants have indeterminate growth. What does this mean
They grow throughout their lifetime because they have juvenile tissue that continues to develop in their adult bodies.
Internode
Part of a stem and in between nodes. Which are the point of branches and the stem
Buds contain what
Juvenile tissue
Apical bud is at the tip
And axilary bud are at a node
Both contain maristems which are capable of new growth
Root hairs
Invisibly small where an individual cell has food in its membrane that increase the surface area so the most water and minerals can be taken from the soil
What is in siren to contact with the root hairs
The soil solution
Pnuematophors
Plants that are adapted to bogs that are filled with waterlogged soil. Plants that live in this condition have evolved strawlike snorkels that can absorb air
Storage roots
Stores food that came from photosynthesis in leaves
Adventitious
Appearing in an unexpected place
Parasitic tree that covered another tree
Rhizome
Grow horizontally that are stems underground where true roots can grow down and shoots can grow up
Tubers
Stems or potatoes that store food
Cacti
Modified leaves that aren’t photosynthetic. They are the spikes that protect the organism
That green part are stems and trunk can photosynthesize
Tendrils
A rope like structure that come from a plant and raps aim round whatever it finds and could up to pull the rest of the plant to the structure for support
Reproductive leaves
Have to do with reproduction but not sexual. Still vegetative shoots because they do asexual reproduction. Leaves are easily able to fall off to grow while new individual that are identical to original plant
Storage leaves
Modified leaf that store food for the plant
What are the three major types of tissues I. Plants
Dermal the part you touch
Vascular includes vessels that are connected together
Everything else is ground tissue
Parenchyma cells
Flimsiest of the rest of the cells
Do the majority of the metabolism in the shoot system. Soft part of the leaf with about 50 chloroplast
Collenchyma cells
Form collums for structure and are kinda tough but still flexible and can sometimes hold up seedlings. They
What cells remain alive at functional maturity
Paranchyma and collenchyma Cells.
Schlerenchyma cells
Toughest cells of the three and much more rigid because of the thickness of the cell walls with a lot of lignin
These cells only occur when a plant is getting tougher and wider. Not taker
Unlike the other two these cells are often dead at functional maturity. Exists after it’s dead for its function
What are the two categories of vascular tissues in plants
Xylem and phloem
These tubes make separate highway systems that carry serape things. They carry sap
Xylem sap looks like water
Phloem sap is thick and sugary
Xylem tubes are made up of cells that make
Tracheostomy’s and vessels
Cells that are stacked end to end
Cells that make up xylem day at functional maturity and make a hollow perforated structure for the water to go through
Cells that make up phloem
Made up of drive tube elements( individual cells) that don’t die a functional maturity because they need a membrane transporter to get things into the tube. But lose most of their cytoplasm. However right outside of the tube is a full cytoplasm cells called a companion cells that keeps the drive tube and other cell Alice
Growth in a multicellular organism means
That you’re adding more cells
Two types of plant growth
Primary growth. Growth in the length of a structure
Secondary growth requires primary growth. An increase in the diameter or thickness of the structure after primary growth
Primary maristems
Apical and axillary meristems
Lateral maristems
Occur after primary growth during secondary and is when the plant is getting wider.
Includes vascular cambium which is more inner will make the xylem and phloem after it develops. This is in addition to the xylem and phloem that is already there during primary growth in apical maristems
And cork cambium which is outer
The vascular cambium always
Lays secondary xylem on the inside of itself and secondary phloem on the outside itself
The cork cambium produces
Park of the bark called the cork
What is near the tip of roof caps
A zone of cell division where cells are undergoing mitosis to make new cells in order to grow
Cell proliferation
Adding more cells
Root cap has
Cells that become hard to protect the rest of the cells in the zone of cell division Most of these cells will mature upward to the zone of elongation
Zone of elongation
The cells that came from the zone of cell division that are older. They are getting longer
Zone of differntation
This is older cells that began to become different types of cells
A cross section of a eudicot has
A cross looking pattern of xylem and between the arms are the phloem. And one cross in the root of the branch
A cross section of a monocot has
Several different vascular bundles which is partly xylem and phloem
The apical bud will grow
Unchecked unless something happens to it then the priority goes to the axillary buds
Apical bud dominance
Releases chemical signals that tells axillary buds that they can’t grow yet. If they are removed then the singnal is no longer there and the axillary buds can grow
Leaves are organized
En epidermis on the top and bottom and then paranchyma cells ( mesophyll cells) and the vessels in between
Waxy later that water proofs the epidermis
Cuticle
Guard cells
Opening on the epidermis( stoma) of a leaf Requires two cells that open or close depending on their shape allowing CO2 in and oxygen out and water out
Bark contain
The cork and the secondary phloem
What makes something a stem cell
Cell that when it is divides into two cell can produce any different kinds of cells
Totipotence
The condition to which a stem cell can produce any type of cells in the organism. Totally potent
Pluripotent stem cells
Can turn into different type of cells but not all of them
Maristems on a plant are pluripotent or totipotent
Totipotent cells. So easy to grow a plant from an existing plant. One Maristen to produce another plant and why they have indeterminate growth
Stem cells divide
One cell that replaces the stem cell and then another that’s a different type of cell
