Reproduction of plants Flashcards
Complete flower
Have all four whorls
Petal sepals stamens and carpels
Fertile parts of flowers
Stamen and the carpels
Produce the gametes
What are the sterile parts of the flower
Petals and the sepals
Advertisement to pollinators
Sepals are protective covers
Which are the male parts of flowers
Stamens are males
Carpels are the female
Their can be many or none of each male and female part
What are sperm carried in flowering plants
Produced by the anther of stamens and are pollen grains
Ovules are
Where eggs are produced and can be a seed
ABC hypothesis
A gene will give you sepals
A+B will give you petals
B+C will give you Stamens
C will give you carpels
Sexual lifecycle of a typical angiosperm female
The flower is diploid version or sporophyte generation. The female male a big as possible gamete. Megasporangium and microsoorangium (males)
Megasporacyte are in the ovule and if chosen undergo meiosis. The four cells produced by females are different. One is maximized (surviving megaspore haploid). This then undergoes three rounds of mitosis naking 8 nuclei and cytokinesis occurs in all except for one cell. So one cell has two nuclei (still haploid). Two nuclei cell is largest and in the center of the ovule. 3 cells away (antipodal) 3 cells close to the bottom, one that closest to the bottom ( egg) and two next to it ( synergids) meaning they help out. Synergids produce chemical that act as attractions to signal cells for the male part to dig through the style to find egg. Central cell has two nuclei so it’s
Alternation of generations
Both the haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation are both multicellular
Fertilization does what to the ploidy
Fertilization doubles the ploidy and then meiosis undies that and brings it back
What determines what a female is that aren’t humans or animals
General criterion that make the difference is the female is the species that makes the larger gamete. Sperm is much smaller that the egg
Double fertilization
The polar nuclei cell is fertilized by a male sperm to produce an (3n) endosperm and then the egg is also fertilized to produce a diploid zygote
Sexual life cycle of typical angiosperms male
In the anther of the stamens, the microsporangium have microsporocytes that are diploid. Many microsporocytes will simultaneously undergo meiosis. 4 cells for every sporocyte of equal size and viability called microspores. They are enclosed in sack like structure called pollen grain. It then undergoes mitosis and one of the two cells ends up enclosed by the other. Inside cell is the generative cell within the tube cell. Generative cell undergoes mitosis now two inside the tube cell called sperm. The tube cell makes a tunnel and is attracted by the chemical from the synergids in the ovule. The pollen tube is formed by the tube cell. The sperm can now go to the opening of the ovule right where the egg is. The first sperm fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The second will fertilize the central cell making a triploid called endosperm. Both cells produced different multicellular structures through mitosis called embryo and still endosperm.
What is the endosperm
Specializes in food storage for the developing embryo and possibly maximizes efficiency since the egg has to be fertilized first before the polar nuclei.
Vegans the germination of the seed
When can you call something a seed
Once it has been successfully fertilized
Abiotic pollination
Not involving organisms. So wind is the most common. Carries pollen grains many miles away but is not very reliable. That’s why plants make trillion pollen grains.
Biotic pollination
Pollination by animals like insects
Bats birds/ hummingbirds
A 2 cell embryo has what type of cells in plants
A basal cell develops into a suspense that holds it In place and terminal cell becomes the rest of the embryo including the coryledon(s)
In a eudicot the cotyledons grow
Upward with one hypocotyl spring in from it that form the root and shoot system
Once foliage leaves form, the cotyledons are useless
In a monocot the cotyledons make s
The radical the sprouts from one end of the cotyledon to form the root system and then the coleoptile forms the shoot system
Coleoptile is a sheesh that allows the other tissue to not be abraded by the soil
What is a fruit
Anything that developed from a flower
Buts are fruits. Pea pods are fruits. Not all fruits are edible. They contain the seeds
Fruits develops from
Ovaries in the carpels
Simple fruit
One flower containing one carpel with one ovary that develops into one fruit containing seeds that use to be the ovules in the ovule
Seeds are like
Brothers and sisters and not genetically similar because they are made from different species and eggs
Aggregate fruit
One flower with multiple carpels ( pistol) which develops into their own fruit like the bulbs on a raspberry with fruitlets making up an aggregate fruit
Multiple fruit
Many flowers close together that make an influorescence that make their own fruit that grow together
Accessory fruit
Apples
Big part of the fruit developed from something other than the ovary.
Seeds can be dispersed
Abioticaly or bioticaly through water wind animals like ants that pull it away or seeds that get stuck on squirrels
Flowers developed ways to not self pollinate by
Making incomplete flowers that are staminate or carpellate flowers
Also complete flowers that have long stamens and short styles for picking up pollen ( Thrum) and the the opposite that have y’all carpels (pin) that match the others
Trans genesis
Refer to horizontal gene transfer
Taking a gene and giving it to another organism that is not closely related to the original organism
Sisgenesis
Taking a gene from an organisms that is highly related to another and putting that gene in the other
