Reproduction of plants

Question 1

Complete flower

Answer 1

Have all four whorls

Petal sepals stamens and carpels

Question 2

Fertile parts of flowers

Answer 2

Stamen and the carpels

Produce the gametes

Question 3

What are the sterile parts of the flower

Answer 3

Petals and the sepals
Advertisement to pollinators
Sepals are protective covers

Question 4

Which are the male parts of flowers

Answer 4

Stamens are males

Carpels are the female

Their can be many or none of each male and female part

Question 5

What are sperm carried in flowering plants

Answer 5

Produced by the anther of stamens and are pollen grains

Question 6

Ovules are

Answer 6

Where eggs are produced and can be a seed

Question 7

ABC hypothesis

Answer 7

A gene will give you sepals
A+B will give you petals
B+C will give you Stamens
C will give you carpels

Question 8

Sexual lifecycle of a typical angiosperm female

Answer 8

The flower is diploid version or sporophyte generation. The female male a big as possible gamete. Megasporangium and microsoorangium (males)
Megasporacyte are in the ovule and if chosen undergo meiosis. The four cells produced by females are different. One is maximized (surviving megaspore haploid). This then undergoes three rounds of mitosis naking 8 nuclei and cytokinesis occurs in all except for one cell. So one cell has two nuclei (still haploid). Two nuclei cell is largest and in the center of the ovule. 3 cells away (antipodal) 3 cells close to the bottom, one that closest to the bottom ( egg) and two next to it ( synergids) meaning they help out. Synergids produce chemical that act as attractions to signal cells for the male part to dig through the style to find egg. Central cell has two nuclei so it’s

Question 9

Alternation of generations

Answer 9

Both the haploid gametophyte generation and the diploid sporophyte generation are both multicellular

Question 10

Fertilization does what to the ploidy

Answer 10

Fertilization doubles the ploidy and then meiosis undies that and brings it back

Question 11

What determines what a female is that aren’t humans or animals

Answer 11

General criterion that make the difference is the female is the species that makes the larger gamete. Sperm is much smaller that the egg

Question 12

Double fertilization

Answer 12

The polar nuclei cell is fertilized by a male sperm to produce an (3n) endosperm and then the egg is also fertilized to produce a diploid zygote

Question 13

Sexual life cycle of typical angiosperms male

Answer 13

In the anther of the stamens, the microsporangium have microsporocytes that are diploid. Many microsporocytes will simultaneously undergo meiosis. 4 cells for every sporocyte of equal size and viability called microspores. They are enclosed in sack like structure called pollen grain. It then undergoes mitosis and one of the two cells ends up enclosed by the other. Inside cell is the generative cell within the tube cell. Generative cell undergoes mitosis now two inside the tube cell called sperm. The tube cell makes a tunnel and is attracted by the chemical from the synergids in the ovule. The pollen tube is formed by the tube cell. The sperm can now go to the opening of the ovule right where the egg is. The first sperm fertilizes the egg and forms a diploid zygote. The second will fertilize the central cell making a triploid called endosperm. Both cells produced different multicellular structures through mitosis called embryo and still endosperm.

Question 14

What is the endosperm

Answer 14

Specializes in food storage for the developing embryo and possibly maximizes efficiency since the egg has to be fertilized first before the polar nuclei.

Vegans the germination of the seed

Question 15

When can you call something a seed

Answer 15

Once it has been successfully fertilized

Question 16

Abiotic pollination

Answer 16

Not involving organisms. So wind is the most common. Carries pollen grains many miles away but is not very reliable. That’s why plants make trillion pollen grains.

Question 17

Biotic pollination

Answer 17

Pollination by animals like insects

Bats birds/ hummingbirds

Question 18

A 2 cell embryo has what type of cells in plants

Answer 18

A basal cell develops into a suspense that holds it In place and terminal cell becomes the rest of the embryo including the coryledon(s)

Question 19

In a eudicot the cotyledons grow

Answer 19

Upward with one hypocotyl spring in from it that form the root and shoot system

Once foliage leaves form, the cotyledons are useless

Question 20

In a monocot the cotyledons make s

Answer 20

The radical the sprouts from one end of the cotyledon to form the root system and then the coleoptile forms the shoot system

Coleoptile is a sheesh that allows the other tissue to not be abraded by the soil

Question 21

What is a fruit

Answer 21

Anything that developed from a flower

Buts are fruits. Pea pods are fruits. Not all fruits are edible. They contain the seeds

Question 22

Fruits develops from

Answer 22

Ovaries in the carpels

Question 23

Simple fruit

Answer 23

One flower containing one carpel with one ovary that develops into one fruit containing seeds that use to be the ovules in the ovule

Question 24

Seeds are like

Answer 24

Brothers and sisters and not genetically similar because they are made from different species and eggs

Question 25

Aggregate fruit

Answer 25

One flower with multiple carpels ( pistol) which develops into their own fruit like the bulbs on a raspberry with fruitlets making up an aggregate fruit

Question 26

Multiple fruit

Answer 26

Many flowers close together that make an influorescence that make their own fruit that grow together

Question 27

Accessory fruit

Answer 27

Apples

Big part of the fruit developed from something other than the ovary.

Question 28

Seeds can be dispersed

Answer 28

Abioticaly or bioticaly through water wind animals like ants that pull it away or seeds that get stuck on squirrels

Question 29

Flowers developed ways to not self pollinate by

Answer 29

Making incomplete flowers that are staminate or carpellate flowers

Also complete flowers that have long stamens and short styles for picking up pollen ( Thrum) and the the opposite that have y’all carpels (pin) that match the others

Question 30

Trans genesis

Answer 30

Refer to horizontal gene transfer

Taking a gene and giving it to another organism that is not closely related to the original organism

Question 31

Sisgenesis

Answer 31

Taking a gene from an organisms that is highly related to another and putting that gene in the other