Unit 4_The Lungs & Heart

Question 1

What are the contents of the thorax?

Answer 1

Chest wall

Lungs

Mediastinum (in between the 2 lungs)
- Heart

Diaphragm

Question 2

What keep lungs ”connected” to the chest wall and includes a potential space that is filled with only about 15mL of fluid?

Answer 2

Parietal (wall of thorax) and visceral pleura (internal organs)

Pleura space

Question 3

What makes up the right lung?

Answer 3

2 fissures – oblique and horizontal
3 lobes – superior/middle/inferior

Question 4

What makes up the left lung?

Answer 4

1 fissure – oblique
2 lobes – superior/inferior

Question 5

When does the breath come into the lungs, and where does it branch out?

Answer 5

Trachea (several bifurcations) → primary bronchi (main) → secondary (lobar bronchi) → tertiary (segmental x 10) → terminal (alveolar)

Question 6

What are the steps of the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 6

1. Bronchial artery oxygenates the pulmonary tissue
2. Pulmonary arteries take deoxygenated blood to alveoli to get oxygenated in the pulmonary capillaries
3. Pulmonary veins take oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 7

What is a domed muscle that changes intrathoracic volume, primary inspiratory muscle and includes hiatus (holes) for vena cava, aorta, and esophagus?

Answer 7

Diaphragm

Question 8

When the diaphragm pulls down, what act of breathing occurs?

Answer 8

Inhalation

Question 9

What is the space between the two lungs?

Answer 9

The mediastinum

Question 10

What includes an aortic arch, superior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, thymus, vagus nerve, lt. recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves?

Answer 10

Superior Mediastinum

Question 11

What includes the thymus (or remnant in adulthood), lymph nodes, fat?

Answer 11

Anterior Inferior Mediastinum

Question 12

What includes the heart and pericardium, root of great vessels, and arch of azygos vein?

Answer 12

Middle Inferior Mediastinum

Question 13

What includes the primary bronchi, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein, hemiazygos veins, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunk, and splanchnic nerves?

Answer 13

Posterior Inferior Mediastinum

Question 14

What structures are found in more than one subdivision of the mediastinum?

Answer 14

• Phrenic Nerves (Superior & Middle compartment)
• Esophagus (Superior & Posterior compartment)
• Trachea (Superior & Middle-compartment for Bifurcation)
• Thymus Gland (Superior & Anterior compartment)
• Aorta (Middle compartment, Superior Compartment, Posterior compartment)
• Vagus Nerves

Question 15

What is a temperamental space in the lungs?

Answer 15

Pleura space

Question 16

What happens when there’s a pleura efusion and too much fluid in the pleura?

Answer 16

Fluid compresses the lungs, hard to breathe

Question 17

What is a hernia of the stomach that herniates up through hiatus?

Answer 17

Hiatal Hernia

Question 18

What is included in the Inferior Mediastinum?

Answer 18

Anterior

Middle

Posterior

Question 19

When diaphragm pulls up, what act of breathing occurs?

Answer 19

Exhalation