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Human Anatomy > Unit 1_Vertebral Column & Back > Flashcards

Unit 1_Vertebral Column & Back Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of the bones?

A

Osteology

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2
Q

Viewing the body from the back

A

Posterior/Dorsal

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3
Q

Viewing the body from the front

A

Anterior/Ventral

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4
Q

Viewing the body from the side

A

Lateral/Saggital

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5
Q

What is another name for the vertebral column?

A

Spinal Column

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6
Q

What is another name for the spinal column?

A

Vertebral Column

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7
Q

An intervertebral disc is included between all vertebrae but which ones?

A

C1 (Atlas) and C2 (Axis)

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8
Q

A straight up and down vertebral column from the anterior view is know as what kind of column?

A

Normal spinal column

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9
Q

How many vertebrae do humans have in the vertebral column?

A

33

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10
Q

What regions is the vertebral column broken down into?

A

Cervical Spine, Thoracic Spine, Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, Coccyx

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11
Q

How many vertebrae are included in the cervical spine?

A

7

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12
Q

How many vertebrae are included in the thoracic spine?

A

12

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13
Q

How many vertebrae are included in the lumbar spine?

A

5

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14
Q

How many vertebrae are included in the sacrum?

A

Typically 5, sometimes 4

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15
Q

How many vertebrae are included in the coccyx?

A

Typically 4

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16
Q

What area of the body is the cervical spine located?

A

The neck

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17
Q

What area of the body is the thoracic spine located?

A

The ribs

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18
Q

What area of the body is the lumbar spine located?

A

Lower back

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19
Q

What area of the body is the sacrum located?

A

Gluteal folds region

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20
Q

What are of the body is the coccyx located?

A

Tailbone

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21
Q

Describe the sacrum and coccyx.

A

Fused bones - two solid bones and joined by ligaments

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22
Q

What is another name for C1?

A

Atlas

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23
Q

What is another name for C2?

A

Axis

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24
Q

What bone does C1 articulate with?

A

The base of the skull - occiput (C0)

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25
Q

What does the occiput articulate with?

A

C0 (skull) on C1 (Atlas/cervical vertebrae) to allow for movement

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26
Q

As you descend down the vertebral column, how does the size change of the vertebrae?

A

They get larger as you descend down

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27
Q

What is another plane/reference for the lateral view of the body?

A

Sagittal view

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28
Q

The normal inward curve of the cervical vertebrae

A

Cervical Lorodosis

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29
Q

The normal posterior curve of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Thoracic Kyphosis

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30
Q

The normal inward curve of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Lumbar Lorodosis

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31
Q

The normal posterior curve of the sacrum

A

Sacral Kyphosis

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32
Q

What is the large bone included on the anterior portion of an individual vertebrae?

A

Vertebral Body

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33
Q

What is included between each vertebral body and allows for motion?

A

Intervertebral Discs

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34
Q

What is a hole that is created by two vertebrae and articulating in a certain way posteriorly?

A

Vertebral Foramen

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35
Q

What is housed in the vertebral foramen?

A

The spinal cord

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36
Q

How can people get arthritis in their back?

A

The vertebral foramen fills with extra bone causing it to become narrow and impacting the spinal nerves

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37
Q

Vertebrae include spinous processes on the posterior side, except for which vertebrae?

A

C1

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38
Q

What are the ridges in the middle of the sacrum made of?

A

Remnants of spinous processes

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39
Q

What’s another name for moving superiorly?

A

Cranially

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40
Q

What are the two handlebar like structures included on the right/left of a vertebrae?

A

Transverse processes

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41
Q

What function do lumbar vertebrae serve?

A

Weight bearing

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42
Q

What function do cervical vertebrae serve?

A

Motion

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43
Q

What kind of curve are we born with?

A

Primary curve

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44
Q

What kind of curve is a primary curve?

A

Kyphosis

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45
Q

What kind of curve is formed in a baby when muscles are pulling on the spine on the vertebral column (bone) as the baby tries to hold their head up?

A

Cervical Lorodosis

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46
Q

What kind of curve is formed in a baby when the baby is walking?

A

Lumbar Lorodosis

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47
Q

What are primary curves?

A

Thoracic and Sacral Kyphosis

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48
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

Cervical and Lumbar Lorodosis

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49
Q

What typical things does a vertebrae have?

A

A body, transverse processes, neural arch (everything behind the body), spinous process, ring of bone that encases the spinal cord

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50
Q

What vertebrae are typical?

A

C3-L5

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51
Q

What artery runs through some foramen in the cervical spine?

A

Vertebral artery

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52
Q

What is the unusual part of C2?

A

The Dens “tooth”

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53
Q

What are the “forked” spinous processes of the cervical spine called?

A

Bifid Spinous Processes

54
Q

Why does the cervical spine have different/bifid spinous processes?

A

Lots of muscles are attaching here - muscle pulls down on bone creating new bone - mainly extend and rotate cervical spine

55
Q

Where does the Dens (C2) sit?

A

Within the posterior facet of C1

56
Q

What occurs at C1-C2?

A

C1 rotates around C2 (Dens)

57
Q

What do the spinous processes in the thoracic vertebrae look like?

A

Longer, easy to palpate

58
Q

What do the bodies in the thoracic vertebrae look like?

A

Getting larger, comparative to the cervical vertebrae

59
Q

Where does motion occur in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Superior Articular Facet Joint & Inferior Articular Facet Joint

60
Q

What plane/gliding joint allows for the flexibility/at which motion occurs up and down the vertebral column?

A

Facet Joints

61
Q

What kind of joint are facet joints?

A

Synovial Joints

62
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A style of plane/gliding joint.

Includes a capsule (like shrink wrap), which can turn fibrous and cause issues, but otherwise allows for movement but creates an enclosure.

Has a capsule lined with synovium, a tissue, that secretes synovial fluid.

Ex. Facet Joints

63
Q

Why is synovial fluid important?

A

To keep the motion/mobility happening at our joints

64
Q

What happens when a synovial joint gets dried out/deteriorated?

A

Hypomobility - lack of motion

65
Q

What is included in the vertebral/spinal canal?

A

Spinal Cord

66
Q

Where does the spine begin?

A

Foramen Magnum - inferior aspect of the skull

67
Q

What is everything posterior to the vertebral body?

A

Neural Arch

68
Q

What does the neural arch do?

A

Ring of bone that houses/protects the spinal cord

69
Q

What is included in a typical neural arch of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Spinous process, lamina (right/left), transverse processes, pedicles

70
Q

What is the concern if someone has a laminar fracture?

A

It would create an open window to the spinal cord.

Whatever level of spinal cord was impacted, individual would have distal symptoms to the region (impact on spinal nerves).

71
Q

What are the differences between the spinous processes in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae?

A

Cervical - small spinal processes

Thoracic - long spinal processes

Lumbar - chunky/stout spinal processes

72
Q

When people crack their back, what is occurring?

A

Gas is being release from capsule

73
Q

Where are the costal facet joints located?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

Costal “rib”

74
Q

What costal facet joints are located in the thoracic vertebrae and connect to the ribs?

A

Superior Costal Facet, Inferior Costal Facet, Transverse Costal Facet

75
Q

What are the ridges of the sacrum called?

A

Median sacral ridge

76
Q

What is the median sacral ridge?

A

Located down the middle of the sacrum and remnants of spinous process

77
Q

What is distributed through foramina?

A

Nerves

78
Q

Where are the sacral nerves exiting through the foramina headed?

A

Towards the perineum/pelvic area

79
Q

What are the “wings” included on the sacrum called?

A

Ala

80
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

Fused bone, vestigial remnant of when we used to sit on our tailbones more

81
Q

What is the coccyx important for?

A

Strong ligaments come off of the coccyx that help bind our pelvic floor musculature and control our bladder flow/bowel.

82
Q

What is the outer fibrous layers of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Annulus Fibrosis

Stiff/guide motion/allow motion/keep space between two vertebrae/control our height

83
Q

What is the inner layer of the intervetebral disc called?

A

Nucleus Polyposis

84
Q

If the intervertebral disk gets smaller, what will also decrease?

A

Intervertebral foramen, impacting the spinal nerves

85
Q

What joint sits at C0-C1?

A

Atlantooccipital joint

86
Q

What joint sits at C1-C2?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

87
Q

What ligament is located behind the Dens (C2)?

A

Transverse ligament

“Trampoline ligament”

88
Q

Why is an upper cervical fracture (i.e., Dens) concerning?

A

Ring loses stability, impacting the spinal cord

89
Q

What ligament comes off the Dens to the occiput to support the cervical spine?

A

Alar ligament

90
Q

What ligaments support the cervical spine?

A

Alar ligament

Cruciform ligament (Superior Longitudinal Band, Transverse Ligament of Axis, Inferior Longitudinal Band)

91
Q

What happens when you have a spinal cord lesion?

A

Nerves below will be impacted

92
Q

What occurs when someone experiences a bulging disc?

A

The intervertebral disc is moving out a little bit/expanded

93
Q

What occurs when someone experiences a herniated disc?

A

The annulus rings of the intervertebral disc have ruptured and the nucleus polyposis is extruding out. Material heads toward the spinal cord.

94
Q

Why does the vertebral column require ligaments?

A

The vertebral column is very flexible, so strong ligaments are required.

Ligaments also restrain excessive motion.

95
Q

Where do ligaments run?

A

Bone to bone

96
Q

Where do tendons run?

A

Muscle to bone

97
Q

What ligaments are included in the vertebral body?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament and Posterior longitudinal ligament

Sandwiches the body, intervertebral discs, protection from extrusion, but don’t wraparound the side so there’s a weak spot

98
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament sits on the anterior aspect of the vertebral body and runs distal to proximal/inferior to superior

99
Q

What is the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

The posterior longitudinal ligament sits on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and runs distal to proximal/inferior to superior

100
Q

What happens to the anterior longitudinal ligament in the Lumbar spine vs the Cervical spine?

A

The anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine is wider and gets smaller in the cervical spine.

When a disc bulges anteriorly it tends to occur in the cervical spine because of this.

101
Q

What happens to the posterior longitudinal ligament in the Lumbar spine vs the Cervical spine?

A

The posterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine is very thin and gets bigger in the cervical spine.

The lumbar spine is prone to posterior lateral disc bulges/herniations because of the lack of coverage.

102
Q

What ligaments support the neural arch?

A

Supraspinous process (starts at C7, tips of spinous process)

Ligamentum flavum (yellow coloring - runs between the lamina, holds lamina together; may enfold into neural arch - spinal cord)

Interspinous ligament (between the spinous process, restrains hyperflexion)

103
Q

What is the continuation of the supraspinous ligament into the cervical spine (C7-C1) called?

A

Ligamentum nuche

Nuchal ligament

104
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Located in the cervical spine; expansive sheet where a lot of muscles are going to attach.

105
Q

What muscles does the ligamentum nuchae attach to?

A

Splenius Capitis

Levator Scapulae

Rhomboideus Minor

Rhomboideus Major

Trapezius

106
Q

What ligaments does an epidural injection touch?

A

Supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum

107
Q

What is Scheuerman’s Disease?

A

A disorder of the thoracic spine, developmental disease, stiffening of the spine, interior is wedged, excessive kyphosis, won’t be able to change spine, but can do strengthening exercises

108
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

3Dimensional vertebral column pathology that occurs in certain regions of the thoracic spine, congenital/hormonal links, females > males.

Flexion, lateral bend, rotation to vertebral column in certain segments.

A surgery for correction/stop progression is Herrington’s (Herrington’s Rod).

Once you’re skeletally mature, progression should stop.

109
Q

What is insertion?

A

Muscle inserting onto the movable part

110
Q

What is the origin?

A

Muscle inserting onto the fixed part

111
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the deltoid?

A

Insertion: Humerus

Origin: Axial skeleton

Insertion is pulled towards the origin

Deltoid creates abduction of the arm

112
Q

What does the trapezius attach to?

A

Occiput

Cervical spine

Thoracic spine

Scapula

Insertion and origin can change depending on what motion it’s doing.

113
Q

How does the trapezius function as a scapular retractor?

A

When the trapezius contracts, it will pull on the scapula towards the origin/fixed spine.

114
Q

What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?

A

The humerus

humeral adduction

115
Q

What is the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

A binding tissue down to the sacrum for the muscles to attach to the vertebral column.

116
Q

What is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

Scapula elevation

Attaches to the superior aspect of the scapula, and heads up to the cervical spine

Can assist with elevation of the shoulder too

117
Q

Where do the rhomboids minor/major take their origin/insertion?

A

Origin: vertebral column of the spine

Insertion: medial border of the scapula (C7-T1, rhomboid minor to T5)

118
Q

What is the major function of the rhomboids minor/major?

A

Scapular retraction

Squeezing the shoulder blades together

119
Q

What are the major muscles of the superficial back?

A

Trapezius, Deltoid, Latissiumus dorsi, Thoracolumbar fascia, Levator scapulae

120
Q

What are the deep muscles of the back?

A

Rhomboid minor/major

Serratus posterior superior

Serratus posterior inferior

121
Q

What is a tiny slip of muscle that attaches in the upper thoracic spine and reaches down to grab onto the ribs? It also serves as an accessory muscle for inhalation.

A

Serratus posterior superior

Origin: Axial skeleton
Insertion: Rib cage

122
Q

What is a tiny sliver of muscle that is deep to latissimus dorsi that includes a fascial layer? It attaches to the thoracolumbar ligament, lumbar region along the spinous processes and grabs onto ribs. It also serves as an accessory muscle for exhalation.

A

Serratus posterior inferior

123
Q

What muscle group is covered by white filmy layer of fascia, deep to the Serratus posterior inferior muscle and spans from the head down to the iliac crest?

A

Erector spinae group

124
Q

What muscles make up the erector spinae group and serve as muscles that erect the spine, maintain posture upright, attach to the cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, spinous processes, ribs, and transverse processes?

A

Ilicostalis

Longissimus

Spinalis

“I Love Spinach”

125
Q

What are two muscles in the neck that attach at the skull?

A

Semispinalis Capitis

Splenius Capitis

126
Q

What are two muscles in the neck that attach to the cervical spine?

A

Semispinalis Colli

Splenius Colli

127
Q

What is the innervation of the Trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)

Comes off high of the cervical spine and dives in deep to innervate the Trapezius

128
Q

What is the innervation of Latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

Comes off the brachial plexus under the axila

129
Q

What is the innervation of the Levator Scapulae?

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Brachial Plexus nerves head between intervertebral foramen to rhomboids affecting the shrugging

130
Q

What is the innervation of the Rhomboids?

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Brachial Plexus nerves head between intervertebral foramen to rhomboids affecting scapular retraction

131
Q

What is the innervation of the Erector Spinae Group?

A

Dorsal Primary Rami

Head to the back and provide motor and sensory information in deep back muscles

Human Anatomy (17 decks)

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