Unit 4 Respiratory

Question 1

respiratory function

Answer 1

1. conduction of air for gas exchange
2. conditioning of air – clean, moisten, warm
3. respiration – gas exchange between air and blood

Question 2

respiratory structure

Answer 2

1. tubes leading to lung

2. lungs

Question 3

conducing passages

Answer 3

conduct air only

1. nasal cavity
2. nasopharynx
3. oropharynx
4. larynx
5. trachea
6. extrapulmonary bronchi
7. intrapulmonary bronchi
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles

Question 4

respiratory passages

Answer 4

respiration can take place

1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts
3. alveolar sacs
4. alveoli

Question 5

larynx functions

Answer 5

1. conduct air to trachea

2. generate speech

Question 6

larynx structure

Answer 6

1. cartilages – hyaline and elastic
2. PCCE
3. epiglottis
4. vocal folds

Question 7

epiglottis

Answer 7

a) separate larynx from pharynx
b) prevents food from entering trachea
c) elastic cartilage
d) stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium on lingual surface
e) PCCE on laryngeal surface

Question 8

vocal folds

Answer 8

false vocal folds

true vocal cords

Question 9

false vocal cords

Answer 9

(1) PCCE

(2) numerous glands in lamina propria

Question 10

true vocal cords

Answer 10

(1) stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
(2) no glands
(3) vocalis muscle (skeletal) and vocal ligament

Question 11

trachea

Answer 11

from larynx to mid-thorax

Question 12

trachea layers

Answer 12

1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. cartilage (hyaline)
4. adventitia

Question 13

trachea mucosa

Answer 13

a) PCCE with goblet cells

b) prominent basement membrane

Question 14

trachea submucosa

Answer 14

a) combined lamina propria and submucosa

b) serous glands

Question 15

trachea cartilage

Answer 15

a) 16-20 C-shaped rings
b) open posteriorly
c) ends of rings connected by trachealis muscle (smooth) and fibroelastic ligament

Question 16

bronchi

Answer 16

1. extrapulmonary bronchi

2. intrapulmonary bronchi

Question 17

extrapulmonary bronchi

Answer 17

a) one to each lung

b) enter lung at hilum

Question 18

intrapulmonary bronchi

Answer 18

a) inside lung

b) multiple divisions

Question 19

bronchi structure

Answer 19

a) initially same as trachea
b) within lung cartilage in plates
c) PCCE
d) smooth muscle

Question 20

bronchioles

Answer 20

1. PCCE with goblet cells
2. no cartilage or glands
3. smooth muscle

Question 21

terminal bronchioles

Answer 21

1. simple columnar ciliated epithelium
2. no goblet cells
3. Clara cells – non-ciliated; secretory
4. smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 22

respiratory bronchioles

Answer 22

1. have alveoli interspersed in wall
2. cuboidal ciliated epithelium
3. Clara cells
4. smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Question 23

alveolar components

Answer 23

a) alveolar ducts
b) alveolar sacs
c) alveoli

Question 24

alveolar ducts

Answer 24

smooth muscle between adjacent alveoli

Question 25

alveolar sacs

Answer 25

clusters of alveoli at end of alveolar ducts

Question 26

alveolar cells

Answer 26

type I and II

Question 27

alveolar type I

Answer 27

(1) very thin squamous epithelium

(2) majority of wall of alveolus

Question 28

alveolar type II

Answer 28

(1) in corners of alveoli

(2) secrete surfactant

Question 29

alveolar septum

Answer 29

wall between adjacent alveoli

(1) alveolar epithelium
(2) basal lamina
(3) capillaries
(4) connective tissue cells – fibroblasts, mast cells
(5) reticular fibers
(6) macrophages –“dust cells”; also in alveolar spaces

Question 30

alveolar pores

Answer 30

a) between adjacent alveoli

b) equalize air pressure

Question 31

blood-air barrier

Answer 31

a) alveolar epithelium (type I cells)
b) capillary endothelium
c) fused basal lamina

Question 32

pulmonary blood supply

Answer 32

dual supply

1. nutrition of lung
2. oxygenation of blood

Question 33

pulmonary circulation

Answer 33

1. oxygenation of blood
2. pulmonary arteries –> capillaries surrounding each alveolus –> pulmonary
   veins

Question 34

bronchial circulation

Answer 34

1. typical systemic circulation
2. extends to respiratory bronchioles
3. anastomoses with pulmonary circulation