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Tri 1 - C&T > Unit 2 Bone > Flashcards

Unit 2 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

structure of bone

A

connective tissue
mineralized matrix-cells in lacuna
vascularized

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2
Q

functions of bone

A

support
protection (organs, myeloid tissue)
movement
mineral storage (Ca, PO4)

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3
Q

bone classification

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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4
Q

long bone

A

longer than wide

limb bones

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5
Q

short bone

A

cube-shaped (wrist/ankle)
sesamoid (w/in tendons)
vary in size and number

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6
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flat, slightly curved

sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

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7
Q

irregular bones

A

complicated shapes

vertebrae, hib bones

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8
Q

sutural bones

A

aka wormian, accessory

random, usually on skull

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9
Q

histological organization

A

spongy

compact

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10
Q

spongy

A

cancellous

trabecular

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11
Q

compact

A

lamellar
cortical
dense

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12
Q

histological preparation

A

decalcified - preserves cells

ground - preserves architecture

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13
Q

typical long bone structure

A

shaft, epiphyses, membranes

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms long axis

consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

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15
Q

epiphyses

A

ends of long bones that consist of o impact bone externally and spongy bone internally
articular cartilage covers articular surfaces

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16
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs

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17
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
aka lamellar bone
consists of osteon, canals, canaliculi, interstitial & circumferential lamellae

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18
Q

spongy bone

A

made-up of honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone call trabecular
open spaces filled with red/yellow marrow
stress resistant
no osteons, but have lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi

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19
Q

membranes

A

periosteum

endosteum

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20
Q

periosteum

A

covers outside of compact
white double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints
contains many nerve fibers, vessels through nutrient foramen
anchoring points for tendons/ligaments

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21
Q

endosteum

A

covers inside portion of compact
delicate CT covers trabecular of spongy bone
contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

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22
Q

short, irregular, flat bone structure

A

thing plates of spongy bone (dipoë) covered by compact bone
compact bone sandwiched between CT membranes
bone marrow scattered throughout
hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

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23
Q

periosteum layers

A

fibrous

osteogenic

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24
Q

fibrous periosteum layer

A

outer layer consisting of dense irregular CT consisting of Sharpey’s fibers

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25
Q

osteogenic layer

A

inner layer, contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells

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26
Q

red marrow

A

found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones
in newborns, medullary cavities and alls spongy bone
in adults, head of femur, humerus, flab bone diploë, some irregular bones
yellow can convert to red in anemic

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27
Q

four cell types

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

28
Q

osteogenic cells

A

aka osteoprogenitor, stem
mitotically active stem cells in inner layer of periosteum, endosteum and lining of Haversian canal
when stimulated, differentiate into osteoblasts

29
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
begins mineralization of matrix
extend cellular process to maintain contact with other cells as matrix deposited
found on surface of growing bones

30
Q

osteoid

A

made of collagen I, ground substance

31
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
maintain bone matrix
respond to mechanical stimuli
maintain contact with other cells via canaliculi

32
Q

osteoclasts

A

part of mononuclear phagocytic system from bone marrow
derived from same stem cells that become macrophages
giant, multinucleate cells
bone resorption
when active, located in Howship’s lacunae
ruffled borders to increase SA for enzyme degradation

33
Q

osteon

A

structural unit of compact bone

consists of elongated cylinder runs parallel to long axis

34
Q

lamellae

A

several rings of bone matrix within osteon
contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings
withstands stress and resist twisting
bone stalk found between collagen fibers

35
Q

Haversian canal

A

aka central canal
runs through core of osteon
contains vessels and nerves

36
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

aka perforating canal
lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
connect vessels/nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, central canal

37
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

not part of osteon
some fill gaps between forming osteons
others are remnant os osteons cut by bone remodeling

38
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

deep to periosteum, superficial to endosteum
extend around entire surface of diaphysis
prevents twisting

39
Q

organic components

A

cells and osteoid

40
Q

osteoid

A

secrete by osteoblasts
makes up 1/3 of organic bone
consists of ground substance, collagen fibers

41
Q

inorganic components

A

mineral salts

42
Q

hydroxyapatites

A

mineral salts
65% of bone by mass
tiny calcium phosphate crystals around collagen
responsible for hardness/resistance to compression

43
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

begins with fibrous CT membranes formed by mesenchymal cells
called membrane bones
frontal, parietals, occipital, clavicle

44
Q

ossification

A

osteogenesis
process of bone formation
begins in month 2, end in early adulthood
bone remodeling/repair lifelong

45
Q

endochondrial ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
called cartilage bones
forms most of skeleton
primary/secondary centers

46
Q

intramembranous ossification steps

A
  1. ossification centers are formed when mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblasts
  2. osteoid is secreted, then calcified
  3. woven bone is formed when osteoid is laid down around vessels, resulting in trabeculae (periosteum)
  4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, red marrow appears
47
Q

primary ossification center

A

vessels infiltrate perichondrium converting it to periosteum

mesenchymal cells specialize into osteoblasts

48
Q

endochondral ossification steps

A
  1. bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage
  2. central cartilage in diaphysis calcifies, develops cavities
  3. periosteal bud invades cavities => spongy bone
  4. diaphysis elongates, medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
  5. epiphyses ossify, hyalin cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates, articular cartilages
49
Q

periosteal bud

A

made of vessels, nerves, red marrow, osteogenic cells, osteoclasts

50
Q

postnatal bone growth

A

lengthwise by interstitial (longitudinal) growth of epiphyseal plate
bones increase thickness through appositional growth
bones top growing during adolescence
interstitial growth requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage

51
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

maintains thickness

rate of cartilage growth on one side balances by bone replacement on other

52
Q

epiphyseal plate zones

A 
resting (quiescent) zone
proliferation (growth)
hypertrophic 
calcification
ossification
53
Q

resting zone

A

aka quiescent zone

area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive

54
Q

proliferation zone

A

aka growth zone
areas of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate that is rapidly dividing
new cells move upwards, pushing epiphysis away from diaphyses

55
Q

hypertrophic zone

A

area of chondroytes flower to diaphysis

cartilage lacunae enlarges and erode, forming interconnecting spaces

56
Q

calcification zone

A

surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies

chondrocytes die and deteriorate

57
Q

ossification zone

A
  1. chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of calcified cartilage at epiphysis-diaphysis junction
  2. spicules eroded by osteoclasts, covered with new bone by osteoblasts
  3. replaced with spongy bone
  4. medullary cavity enlarges as spicules are eroded
58
Q

woven bone

A
  1. first bone formed
  2. can be remodeled into mature spongy or compact
  3. lower mineral content, higher osteocytes
  4. irregular orientation of collagen
59
Q

epiphyseal plate closure

A

18-25yo, women first

60
Q

hormonal control

A

parathyroid

calcitonin

61
Q

PTH

A

produced by parathyroid in response to low blood Ca

  1. stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone
  2. calcium released in blood
  3. PTH ceases in homeostasis
62
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland in response to high blood Ca

63
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

hypo secretion of GH during childhood, 4’ max

64
Q

gigantism

A

hyper secretion of GH during childhood, 8-9’ common

65
Q

acromegaly

A

hyper secretion after long bone growth stops

Tri 1 - C&T (36 decks)

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