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tri 1 - c&t > Unit 2 Nervous > Flashcards

Unit 2 Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

neural tube gives rise to

A

CNS

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2
Q

which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

NS function

A

master controlling/communicating system of the body

cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals

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4
Q

NS cycle

A

sensory input
integration
motor output

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5
Q

sensory input

A

information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

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6
Q

integration

A

processing and interpretation of sensory input

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7
Q

motor output

A

activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

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8
Q

NS characteristics

A

tissue almost entirely cellular, little ECM
cells chemically linked to form circuits
includes excitable cells; able to conduct stimulus

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9
Q

NS cell types

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

neurons (nerve cells)

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10
Q

neuroglia

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

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11
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electric signals

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12
Q

neurons

A

structural cells
large, highly specialized that conduct impulses
have cell body and process(es)

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13
Q

neuron characteristics

A

post mitotic
irritable
high metabolic rate

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14
Q

neuron components

A

prominent nucleolus
abundant RER and polyribosomes
axon
dendrite

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15
Q

axon

A 
single process
constant diameter
conduct action potential away from body
axon hillock
axolemma
axoplasm
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16
Q

dendrites

A

vary in number
tapers away
conducts graded potentials toward cell body

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17
Q

anatomical classification of neurons

A

bipolar
pseudounipolar
unipolar
multipolar

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18
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite
one axon
mostly sensory
e.g. cochlear, vestibular ganglia, olfactory mucosa, retina of eye

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19
Q

pseudounipolar

A

one branched process
found in dorsal root ganglia
contain central and peripheral process

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20
Q

synapse

A

site of contact between neurons and other cells

maintains unidirectional transmission of nerve impulse

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21
Q

synapse types

A

electrical

chemical

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22
Q

synapse sites

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

23
Q

electrical synapse

A

gap junctions between 2 neurons that allow for direct flow of the electrical current form one neuron to the next

24
Q

chemical synapse

A

involves the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles

25
Q

neuroglia cells

A

supporting cells of CNS
most numerous
mesoderm, phagocytes

26
Q

neuroglia cell types

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglial cells
ependymal cells

27
Q

astrocyte types

A

protoplasmic: grey matter
fibrous: white matter

28
Q

astrocytes

A

most numerous, versatile glial cells
- neuron development, synapse formation
- injury response
mediating exchange between neurons and blood supply
- blood brain barrier
- maintain neuronal microenvironment e.g. ion/neurotransmitter uptake, regulation of neuron metabolism

29
Q

microglia

A

immune cells derived from monocytes
transform into macrophages
line ventricles of CNS

30
Q

ependymal cells

A

sheets of simple cuboidal/columnar ET, often ciliated
secretion, maintenance, circulation of CSF
component of choroid plexus

31
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin

one can cover numerous axons

32
Q

PNS neuroglia cells

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

33
Q

satellite cells

A

maintain neural microenvironment in ganglia; structural metabolic support
form complete layer around cell bodies of neuron in ganglia

34
Q

Schwann cells

neurolemmocytes

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts
nodes of Ranvier
internodal segment
covers unmyelinated axons

35
Q

white matter

A

mostly myelinated and unmyelinated axons plus neuroglia cells
deep portion of brain
superficial portion of SC

36
Q

gray matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, axons, dendrites plus glial cells
sites of synapse in CNS
superficial brain (cerebral and cerebellar cortex)
deep portion of SC

37
Q

gray matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, axons, dendrites plus glial cells
sites of synapse in CNS
superficial brain (cerebral and cerebellar cortex)
deep portion of SC

38
Q

brain stem

A

pons
midbrain
medulla oblongata

39
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer - dendritic processes
purkinje layer
granular layer - sm neurons
fine motor control, posture

40
Q

spinal cord

A

dorsal horn
ventral horn
lateral horn
central canal

41
Q

dorsal horn

A

central processes of sensory (pseudo unipolar) neurons and interneurons

42
Q

ventral horn

A

motor neurons to skeletal muscle

43
Q

lateral horn

A

thoracic/lumbar

motor neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS

44
Q

central canal

A

lines with ependymal cells

continuous with brain ventricles

45
Q

peripheral NS

A

spinal and cranial nerves
bundles of nerve fibers held together by CT
contain motor and sensory

46
Q

epineurium

A

dense CT surrounds entire nerve

47
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds individual bundles (fascicle) of fibers

48
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds individual nerve fiver and Schwann cells

49
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies (grey matter) outside CNS
also contain glial cells and CT

50
Q

sensory ganglia

A

associated with CN and dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves

51
Q

motor ganglia

A

ANS
parasympathetic
sympathetic

52
Q

parasympathetic ganglia

A

in walls of organs, no capsule

53
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

thing CT capsule, multipolar motor neuron cell bodies, fewer satellite cells

54
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory
pseudounipolar
numerous satellite cells
thick CT capsule

tri 1 - c&t (36 decks)

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