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Tri 1 - C&T > Unit 1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

Unit 1 Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic parts of human cells

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

made up of cytosol and cytoskeleton

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

dynamic barrier
maintains gradients
phospholipid bilayer

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4
Q

plasma membrane proteins

A

integral
extrinsic (peripheral)
glycoproteins

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5
Q

integral proteins

A

extend through entire membrane

transmembrane proteins

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6
Q

extrinsic proteins

A

associated with cytoplasmic or extracellular region

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7
Q

glycoproteins

A

covalently linked sugar residues outside the cell
act as recognition sites
self determinant for immune system

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8
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A 
transport
enzymic activity
receptors
intercellular joining
cell-cell recognition
attachment
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9
Q

organelles

A 
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex (apparatus)
lysosomes
mitochondrion
peroxisomes
ribosomes
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10
Q

nucleus function

A
  1. partitioning of DNA
  2. replication of DNA
  3. transcription of DNA to RNA
  4. ribosome assembly
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11
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane, continuous with ER

nuclear pores

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12
Q

DNA

A

double helix, stabilized by H-bonding between bases
chromatin
most highly condensed during mitosis

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13
Q

chromatin

A

DNA packaged with histone proteins

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14
Q

heterochromatin

A

densely coiled, less active

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15
Q

euchromatin

A

less dense, transcriptionally active

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16
Q

nucleolus

A

site of synthesis/organization of ribosomes

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17
Q

nucleolus organization

A
  1. nucleolar organizer, encodes DNA
  2. pars fibrosa - rRNA
  3. pars granulosa - maturing ribosomes (RNA + proteins)
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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

interconnected network of tubular membranes and flattened sacs; continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope

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19
Q

rough ER

A

surface has many ribosomes; cisterna
site of protein synthesis
growing polypeptide chain glycosylated and released in lumen
proteins packaged and released

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20
Q

smooth ER

A

no ribosomes or protein synthesis
synthesis of lipids and steroids
glycogen metabolism
detoxification, xenobiotics

21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

sequesters and releases calcium ions in muscle

22
Q

Golgi complex (apparatus)

A

continuation of ER; stacks of flattened sacs; cisternae
processing and packaging of proteins
completes glycosylation
carries out other protein modifications

23
Q

Golgi complex polarity

A

cis face - receiving side - fuses with vesicles released from RER
trans face - shipping side - proteins secreted bound for cell membrane

24
Q

lysosomes

A

form by budding off Golgi
contains hydrolytic enzymes (lipases, proteases, nucleases, and carbohydrases)
acidic environment (H+ pump)

25
Q

lysosome function

A

immunological defense
cellular recycling
apoptosis

26
Q

mitochondrion

A

double membrane
enzymes of TCA cycle and beta-oxidation of fatty acids
semi-autonomous (contains its own DNA

27
Q

cristae

A

folded inner membrane of mitochondrion

contains carrier proteins of electron transport system and ATP synthase

28
Q

peroxisome function

A

contain enzymes for detox:
oxidases - free radicals, etc release H2O2
catalases - converts H2O2 to water and oxygen
oxidize long chain fatty acids

29
Q

peroxisome structure

A

resemble lysosomes

may stain darker due to enzymes

30
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

31
Q

free polyribosomes

A

proteins for cytoplasm

32
Q

bound polyribosomes

A

proteins for outside cell

33
Q

cytoskeleton functions

A

cell shape and framework
binding sites for organelles
cellular movement
cellular specializations

34
Q

cytoskeleton composition

A

microtubules (largest)
microfilaments (smallest)
intermediate filaments

35
Q

microtubules composition

A

tubulin
heterodimers
protofilaments
may form as singlets, doublets, or triplets

36
Q

tubulin

A

globular proteins

37
Q

heterodimers

A

alpha and beta tubulin

38
Q

protofilaments

A

assembly of heterodimers

39
Q

centrioles

A

structures composed of 9 triplets crosslinked

40
Q

centrosome

A

2 centrioles perpendicular to each other

41
Q

axoneme

A

9 doublets + 2 singlets

form cilia and flagella

42
Q

microtubule function

A

cellular trafficking
movement of chromosomes
movement of extracellular materials (cilia)
movement of sperm (flagella)

43
Q

microfilament composition

A

g actin

f actin

44
Q

g actin

A

unpolymerized globular actin proteins

45
Q

f actin

A

filamentous actin formed by polymerization of g actin

46
Q

microfilament funciton

A 
structural support
cleavage furrow
structural basis of microvilli
muscle contraction
amoeboid movement
cytoplasmic streaming
47
Q

intermediated filaments

A

fibrous; more stable

provide structural strength, most diverse

48
Q

cellular respiration

A

aerobic - TCA cycle, mitochondrion

anaerobic - glycolysis, cytoplasm

Tri 1 - C&T (36 decks)

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