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Tri 1 - C&T > Unit 4 Endocrine > Flashcards

Unit 4 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

divisions of adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis
pars intermedia
pars tuberalis

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2
Q

neurohypophysis

A

pars nervosa

infundibulum

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3
Q

origins of adenohypophysis

A

Rathke’s pouch
oral ectoderm
loses attachment with oral cavity

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4
Q

organs of neurohypophysis

A

neuroectoderm
outgrowth from floor of diencephalon
remains attached to brain via infundibulum

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5
Q

major cell types

adenohypophysis

A

chromophobes

chromophils

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6
Q

chromophils

A

acidophils

basophils

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7
Q

acidophils

A

somatotropes

mammotropes

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8
Q

somatotropes

A

secrete somatotropin (hGH); affects 
epiphyseal plate of long bones

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9
Q

mammotropes

A

secrete prolactin; stimulates milk secretion

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10
Q

basophils

A

thyrotropes
gonadotropes
corticotropes

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11
Q

thyrotropes

A

secrete TSH; causes secretion of thyroid 
hormones

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12
Q

gonadotropes

A
  1. secrete FSH – in females stimulates development of ovarian follicles; in males stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein
  2. secrete LH – in females promotes maturation of follicle and ovulation and maintains corpus luteum; in males called interstitial cell secreting hormone (ICSH) promotes secretion of testosterone by Leydig cells
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13
Q

corticotropes

A

secrete ACTH; promotes growth of adrenal cortex and secretion of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids

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14
Q

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

A

axons of neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
herring bodies
pituicytes

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15
Q

neurohypophyseal hormones

A

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

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16
Q

oxytocin

A

made in paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; stimulates smooth muscle of uterus and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

17
Q

vasopressin

A

made in supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus; acts on distal tubules and collecting tubules of kidney making them more permeable to water;
generates hypertonic urine

18
Q

pituicytes

A

glial-like cells

19
Q

pituitary blood supply

A

inferior hypophyseal arteries to neurohypophysis

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

20
Q

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A
  1. delivers hypothalamic regulating hormones to adenohypophysis
  2. superior hypophyseal arteries, primary capillary plexus around 
stalk and median eminence of hypothalamus
  3. secondary capillary plexus in adenohypophysis
21
Q

thyroid gland structure

A

two lobes
isthmus
connective tissue capsule

22
Q

thyroid follicles

A
  1. follicular cells – simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. colloid – precursor to thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
    thyroglobulin
  3. only endocrine gland to store its secretions; storage is extracellular
  4. regulated by TSH
23
Q

parafollicular cells

A
  1. produce calcitonin

2. regulated by blood calcium levels

24
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  1. follicular hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine stimulate metabolic rate
  2. calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
25
Q

parathyroid gland structure

A
  1. two pair
  2. embedded on posterior of thyroid gland
  3. cords of cells: chief cells, oxyphil cells
26
Q

parathyroid function

A
  1. increases blood level of calcium by increasing number and activity of osteoclasts
  2. decreases blood level of phosphate by decreasing resorption in kidney tubules, promoting its excretion
27
Q

adrenal origins

A

cortex - mesoderm

medulla - neural crest

28
Q

adrenal cortex zones

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

29
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  1. secretes mineralocorticoids – aldosterone
  2. maintains electrolyte and water balance
  3. regulated by renin-angiotensin system
  4. unaffected by ACTH
30
Q

zone fasciculata

A
  1. secrete glucocorticoids – cortisol
  2. prepares body for maximal immediate energy demands; part of 
“fight or flight” stress response
  3. depresses immune function and inflammatory response
  4. regulated by ACTH
31
Q

zona reticularis

A
  1. secretes gonadocorticoids – dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  2. negligible amount compared with testis
  3. regulated by ACTH
32
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  1. modified sympathetic ganglion
  2. chromaffin cells – modified post-ganglionic neurons
  3. secretes epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)
  4. regulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
33
Q

adrenal blood supply

A
  1. capsular arteries
  2. medullary arteries
  3. cortical capillaries
34
Q

medullary arteries

A
  1. travel through cortex to medulla

2. arterial blood delivered to medullary sinusoidal capillaries

35
Q

cortical capillaries

A
  1. cortical sinusoidal capillaries

2. drain into medullary capillaries

36
Q

dual blood supply medulla

A
  1. arterial blood
  2. venous blood from cortex
  3. portal system
  4. allows glucocorticoids from cortex to convert 
norepinephrine to epinephrine in medulla
37
Q

pineal gland

A

epiphysis cerebri or pineal body

38
Q

pinealocytes

A
  1. secret melatonin
  2. diurnal rhythms
  3. innervated by neurons of the ANS
39
Q

brain sand

A

crystallized calcium carbonates and calcium phosphates (pineal)

Tri 1 - C&T (36 decks)

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