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bio 20 > Unit 2, Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 2, Photosynthesis And Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process that converts Solar energy into chemical energy

• Occurs in all plants, some algae, some bacteria, some protists

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2
Q

What is light?

A

• Part of electromagnetic radiation
(EMR)
- Can be described by its wave characteristic or as particles of energy called protons

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3
Q

What do spectroscopes do?

A

Separates individual wavelengths of the sun.
-visible light is only 3% of total energy.

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4
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

• Light - absorbing, green colored pigment
• Absorbs photons and begins process of
photosynthesis

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5
Q

Where do colour of pigment come from?

A

Comes from wavelengths of light reflected (in other words, those not absorbed)

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6
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Use solar energy to synthesize energy-rich carbohydrates

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7
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Either eat the plants or other plant-eating animals to obtain carbohydrates.

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adénosine triphosphate

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9
Q

glucose in comparison to ATP

A

Glucose is large energy rich molecules , ATP is a smaller less energy rich molecule.

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10
Q

What are 6 ATP energy being used in life processes?

A

•Active transport
•Cytoplasmic streaming
•Endocytosis and exocytosis
•Biochemical synthesis
•Muscle contraction
•Heat production

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11
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport across membranes against a concentration gradient

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12
Q

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

Movement of organellles within cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

Taking or removing large molecules from a cell

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14
Q

What is biochemical synthesis?

A

Putting together new molecules

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15
Q

What is muscle contraction?

A

Movement of proteins within muscle cells

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16
Q

What is heat production?

A

Keeps organisms at temperature that sustains life

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17
Q

What are metabolic pathways?

A

Large number of controlled reactions where the product of one reaction becomes the reactant for the next reaction

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18
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Specialized proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy required.

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19
Q

What are anabolic pathways ?

A

Synthesize large molecules from smaller ones and require energy. (Photosynthesis)

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20
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller ones and release energy. (Cellular respiration)

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21
Q

What are redox reactants?

A

Involve oxidation and reduction

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22
Q

What is oxidation?

A

When an atom or molecule loses an electron

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23
Q

What is Reduction?

A

When an atom or molecule gains an electron

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24
Q

What’s said to have reducing power?

A

All compounds or atoms containing more energy in their reduced form. ( gained an electron )

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25
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Site of light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

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26
Q

What does the thylakoid membrane contain?

A

Pigment molecules

27
Q

What is the thylakoid lumen?

A

Space within the thylakoid

28
Q

What are granas?

A

Stacked thylakoids

29
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Fluid surrounding the thylakoids
-site of light independent reactions of photosynthesis

30
Q

What are pigments?

A

Arranged clusters called photosystems within the thylakoid membrane

31
Q

What do pigments do?

A

Absorb solar energy required for photosynthesis

32
Q

What do all photosynthetic organisms contain?

A

Pigment chlorophyll a and most also contain accessory pigments that can absorb other wavelengths of light and pass the energy on to chlorophyll a.

33
Q

Why do leaves appear green?

A

Because chlorophyll molecules reflet green wavelengths of light

34
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show?

A

Wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment

35
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show?

A

Wavelengths of light absorbed by each pigment

36
Q

What do action spectrums show?

A

Rate at which oxygen is produced during photosynthesis; it mirrors the absorption spectrum

37
Q

What are 3 accessory pigments?

A

-Chlorophyll «b»
-Xanthophylls
-Carotenoids

38
Q

What are light dependent reactions?

A

Solar energy is used to generate high-energy compounds ATP and NADPH

39
Q

What does NADPH stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

40
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

The conversion of ADP to ATP using energy from the sun.

41
Q

What are light independent reactions/Calvin-Benson cycle?

A

Plants use energy from the sun stored in ATP and NADPH reducing power to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar (glucose).

42
Q

What is the 10 step process of light dependent reactions?

A

1.Water Splitting
2.Electron Transfer to PSII
3.Light Absorption
4.Electron Transport
5.Excitation in PSI
6.Final Electron Transfer
7.NADPH Formation
8.Proton Pumping
9.Chemiosmosis
10.ATP Formation

43
Q

What is the water splitting step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 1, Light energy splits water (H2O) into hydrogen ions (H*), electrons (e-), and oxygen (O2). The oxygen is released as a waste product.

44
Q

What is the electron transfer to PSll step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 2, The electrons are transferred to a special electron accepting molecule (chlorophyll a) in photosystem II (PSII, a reaction centre)

45
Q

What is the light absorption step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 3, Pigments in PSII capture light energy (photons) and transfer it to the electrons, “exciting” them to a higher energy level.

46
Q

What is the electron transport step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 4, Excited electrons move through a series of electron accepting molecules known as the electron transport system (ETS), losing energy as they go.

47
Q

What is the excitation in PSl step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 5, The electrons reach photosystem I (PSI) and get excited again by more light energy.

48
Q

What is the final electron transfer step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step6, The electrons continue through the ETS until they reach NADP+, the final electron acceptor.

49
Q

What is the NADPH formation step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 7, NADP+ is reduced- accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton (H+) to form NADPH

50
Q

What is the proton pumping step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 8, The energy released during electron transfer is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen from the stroma, creating a concentration gradient.

51
Q

What is the chemiosmosis step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 9, Protons flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase, an enzyme, which releases proton gradient energy.

52
Q

What is the ATP formation step in light dependent reactions?

A

Step 10, This energy (protons energy) is used to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate (P) into ATP- called posphorylation

53
Q

What does photosystem ll do?

A

captures light energy and uses it to split water molecules releasing oxygen, protons, and electrons. The electrons are transferred through a series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane, generating ATP and NADPH.

54
Q

What does photosystem l do?

A

Captures light energy to energize electrons that are then used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. This process also contributes to the formation of ATP through a mechanism known as cyclic photophosphorylation.

55
Q

What is photolysis?

A

process by which light energy is used to break down a molecule

56
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Calvin cycle/light independent reaction?

A
  1. FIxation
  2. Réduction
  3. Regneration
57
Q

What is the carbon fixation process of the Calvin cycle?

A

carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon molecule called RuBP. This forms an unstable six-carbon compound that splits into two three-carbon compounds.

58
Q

What are plants that undergo carbon fixation called?

A

C3 plants

59
Q

What does carbon dioxide fix to in the Calvin cycle?

A

A pre-existing molecule in the stroma. This molecule is five-carbon compound called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

60
Q

What are the 3 purposes of PGAL?

A

-provide chemical energy for the cell
-combine to form glucose=stored energy for cell
-recycle to form RuBP

61
Q

What happens in the Reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

The three-carbon compounds are low in energy. To increase their energy, they are activated by ATP and then reduced by NADPH, resulting in two molecules of PGAL. Some PGAL molecules exit the cycle to help make glucose, while the rest continue to the next stage.

62
Q

What does PGAL stand for?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

63
Q

What is the replacing step in the Calvin cycle?

A

Most of the reduced PGAL molecules are used to regenerate RuBP. This process requires energy from ATP to break and reform chemical bonds. Out of the 12 PGAL molecules produced, 10 are used to regenerate RuBP, while 2 are used to create glucose.

64
Q

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to complete to create one glucose molecule?

A

6 times

bio 20 (7 decks)

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