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body systems quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of metabolism?

A
  1. Anabolic
  2. Catabolic
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3
Q

what is anabolic metabolism?

A

complex chemicals built from smaller ones

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4
Q

what is catabolic metabolism?

A

large chemicals broken into smaller ones

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5
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any substance that nourishes an organism, found in
food you eat

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6
Q

what is the role of the digestive system?

A

provide nutrients to the bodys cells.

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7
Q

What are the 4 type of nutrients?

A
  1. Essential nutrients
  2. Macronutrients
  3. Micronutrients
  4. Neccessary nutrients
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8
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

Must be supplied from outside the body

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9
Q

what are macronutrients?

A

Required in large amounts each day

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10
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

Required in small amounts

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11
Q

What are necessary nutrients?

A

Are needed but can be made by the body

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12
Q

what do lipids (fats) do?

A

-long term energy storage compound
-structural component of cell membranes
-provides insulation
>Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

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13
Q

what do nucleic acids do?

A

-contain DNA & RNA> genetic material that directs cell activity
-composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrgen bases

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14
Q

what do proteins do?

A

-structual component of the cell
-composed of amino acids
>also called polypeptides

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15
Q

what do carbohydrates do?

A

-primary energy source of cells
-structural material of plant cell walls
>have monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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16
Q

what do vitamins and minerals do?

A

-help in chemical reactions
-often found in complex chemicals

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17
Q

why is carbon important?

A

-carbon is the structural framework for all living things.
-froms bonds with many elements.
-used in storage compounds and cell formation in all living things.

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18
Q

What are some inorganic compounds?

A

-hydrogen carbonates
-carbonates
-oxides of carbon

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19
Q

what are organic compounds?

A

In living organisms, organic compounds always contian hydrogen along wth carbon.
>contain all macronutrients and vitamins

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20
Q

what are the 3 things organic compounds are used to to build?

A
  1. carbohydrates (sugars)
  2. lipids (fats)
  3. proteins (polypeptides)
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21
Q

what is a monomer?

A

a single building block that can react with other monomers.

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22
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Multiple monomers that have come together to form a larger chemical compound
>most macromolecules are monomers

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23
Q

how are monmers joined together?

A

Through dehydration synthesis, condensation or dehydrolysis.

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24
Q

How are monomers separated?

A

Hydrolysis using water to break a bond

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25
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

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26
Q

What are 3 macronutrients?

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. fats
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27
Q

what are 3 carbohydrates?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. dissacharides
  3. polysaccharides
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28
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.
-lactose, sucrose, maltose

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29
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

simplest form of sugar
-glucose, fructose, galactose

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30
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Sugar formed when alot of monosaccharides are linked.
-glycogen, starch, cellulose

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31
Q

How are polysaccharides stored?

A

as granules in plastids found in the chloroplast

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32
Q

What is sucrose ?

A

(Glucose + fructose) Main sugar transported from leaves to roots in plants
-an isomer

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33
Q

What is lactose?

A

(Glucose + galactose), a milk sugar
-lactose intolerance-> lack of the enzyme lactase

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34
Q

What does polysaccharide do for plants?

A

Is a food storage stored as granites in plastids found in the chloroplast

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35
Q

What are the two forms of polysaccharides ?

A

Amylose (unbranched)
Amylopectin (branched)

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36
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Food storage polysaccharide of animals found mainly in muscle and liver cells as granules.

-glycogen storage is used in a day unless replenished by eating food

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37
Q

What happens when blood sugars are low?

A

Hydrolysis releases glucose

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38
Q

What stores polymer glycogen?

A

Liver cells

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39
Q

What is cellulose?

A

-Most abundant organic compound on Earth
-Structural polysaccharide of plants composed of thousands of glucose used to build their cell walls.
-Humans find cellulose indigestible material that exits the body in recess

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40
Q

what are the two forms of polysaccharides?

A
  1. amylose
  2. amylopectin
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41
Q

why do animals and humans have enzymes?

A

to hydrolyze (break down) plant starch into glucose

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42
Q

What does hydrolysis do in glycogen?

A

releases glucose when demand for
sugar increases (blood sugar levels are low).

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43
Q

What happens to glycogen storage after a day?

A

depleted unless replenished by eating food.

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44
Q

What happens to lipids in water.

A

unsoluble due to their non polarity

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45
Q

What are many lipids composed of/what are their monomers?

A

glycerol and a fatty acid
> Combined through dehydration synthesis

46
Q

what is the function of lipids?

A

-as structural materials - cell membranes, cushions for delicate organs, carriers for fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K, raw materials of hormones)
-as energy reservoirs - excess glycogen in animals is converted to fat

47
Q

What are the 4 polymers of lipids?

A
  1. Triglycerides (fats/oils)
  2. Phospholipids (membranes)
  3. Waxes
  4. Sterols (cholesterol, steroids
    Male sex hormones are called androgen, female sex hormones are called estrogens)
48
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

simple raw material with long hydrocarbon tails.

49
Q

What are 2 types of fatty acids?

A
  1. Animal Fats – solid, saturated triglycerides
    (no double bonds)
  2. Plant oils – liquid, unsaturated triglycerides (≥ 1
    double bond)
50
Q

Do saturated fats have double bonds?

A

no

51
Q

Do unsaturated fats have double bonds?

A

yes

52
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats and oils

53
Q

why are artifical trans fat bad?

A

your body can’t break them down

54
Q

what does hydrogenation produce?

A

Saturated fats with high melting points which are common in the food industry.

55
Q

What does excessive trans fat lead to?

A

high LDL cholesterol level which increases the risk of coronary heart disease.
-Takes longer to metabolize so trans-fats accumulate in fatty tissue

56
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

build up of cholesterol and other fatty tissue which clogs arteries, affecting blood flow

57
Q

Does your body create omega-3 fatty acids

A

no

58
Q

What do omega 3 fatty acids help with?

A

-Lower blood pressure.
-Reduce risk of blood clots
and blocked blood vessels.
-Protect against abnormal
heart rhythms that can cause
sudden death.
-Prevent hardening of the
arteries.

58
Q

Where are omega 3 fatty acids found?

A

plant and fish oils

59
Q

Things about triglycerides?

A

-One glycerol and three fatty acids linked together.
-Contain lots of energy!
-Stored in fat cells.

60
Q

what is needed to make triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

61
Q

what are steroids (sterols) ?

A

-Are long carbon chains found in ring structures
-Basic structure of all steroids begins with cholesterol.
>Also make up parts of the cell membrane

62
Q

What are waxes?

A

Long chain fatty acids bonded with long chain alcohols or to carbon rings.
-Very stable, water insoluble molecules
-Used for waterproofing and protecting plants
(cuticle), maintaining animals (fur and/or
skin) and birds (feathers), candles etc.

63
Q

what is the liposome?

A

Double layered sphere used to:
-carry drugs through-out the body.
-Gene therapy > introduce new DNA to cells.

64
Q

What is LDL?

A

(low-density lipoprotein)- bad cholesterol (clog arteries)

65
Q

What is HDL?

A

(high-density lipoprotein)- good cholesterol (carries LDLs to liver to be broken down)

66
Q

What are proteins?

A

-Long chains of amino acids
-Polymers
-Used for making enzymes, muscles, bone antibodies, etc

67
Q

What does each protein have?

A

A unique sequence of amino acids that determines their structure and specific function

68
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

69
Q

Humans can make all but how many essential proteins?

A

8

70
Q

What are R groups?

A

-can be categorized by chemical properties
-different combinations determine the shape of protein

71
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (covalent bonds sharing electrons) formed by dehydration synthesis between the amino and the carboxyl groups

72
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

-Linear string of amino acids
-Starts with an amino group and ends with a carboxyl group

73
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

-Protein forms two kinds of structures depending on the different R groups on the amino acids
-Proteins form a combination of these two structures

74
Q

What is the combination of two structures in the secondary structure?

A
  1. Alpha helix – Spiral structure
    * Keratin – hair and nails (mostly spiral)
  2. Beta sheets – Flat structure
    * Silk – spider web and silkworms
    (mostly pleated sheets)
75
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

-Final 3D shape
-Interactions between the protein
secondary structure helps a protein fold
into its final structure
-Protein folding determines the proteins
function
Round proteins, enzymes and insulin

76
Q

What is Quaternary structure?

A

the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement
-Transports gases (mainly O2/ some CO2)

77
Q

What are 6 roles of protein?

A
  1. Structural Support
  2. Enzymes
  3. Defense
  4. Hormones
  5. Transport
  6. Muscle/movement
78
Q

What is structural support in relation to proteins?

A

keratin of hair, nails and horn; collagen of ligaments, tendons and skin.

79
Q

What are enzymes in relation to proteins?

A

(biological catalysts)– alter the speed of reactions under normal conditions.

80
Q

What is defense in relation to proteins?

A

(against disease) – antibodies
(immunoglobulins) that combine with
foreign antigens.

81
Q

What are hormones in relation to proteins?

A

(chemical messengers) –regulatory proteins produced and secreted by
the endocrine glands.

82
Q

What is transport in relation to proteins?

A

(membrane proteins) – channel /
carrier proteins allow substances to enter and exit the cell (pumps and receptors).

83
Q

What is muscle/movement in relation to proteins?

A

(contractile proteins) - actin and myosin allow parts of cells and muscles to move.

84
Q

What does ATP have?

A

Has the nitrogen base adenine attached to a ribuse sugar with a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it.

85
Q

What are the 3 ATP power cellular works?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Transport
  3. Chemical
86
Q

what is the mechanical ATP power cellular?

A

muscle contaction, chromosome movement, beating cilia

87
Q

what is the transport ATP power cellular?

A

pumping substances across membranes (low to high)

88
Q

What is the chemical ATP power cellular?

A

making macromolecules (carbohydrates and proteins)

89
Q

are vitamins organic?

A

yes

90
Q

are minerals organic?

A

no

91
Q

What is maltose?

A

Maltose is a sugar that forms when starches like potatoes or rice are broken down in the digestive system.

92
Q

What is starch?

A

-natural polymer, or polysaccharide, meaning that it is a long chain comprising one type of molecule.
-consists of glucose molecules.
-can occur in two forms: amylose and amylopectin.

93
Q

What is chitin?

A

-Natural polymer found in fungi cell wall, exoskeletons of insects, and the shells of crustaceans
-Provides strength and protection to fragile bodies of these organisms
-Is a nitrogenous polysaccharide

94
Q

What is glucose?

A

main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body’s cells.

95
Q

What is fructose?

A

-A type of sugar known as a monosaccharide.
-Fructose is also known as “fruit sugar” because it primarily occurs naturally in many fruits.

96
Q

What is galactose?

A

Simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in milk, dairy products, often part of the disaccharide lactose.

97
Q

What are the 4 elements in a protein?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Oxygen
98
Q

What are the monomers in proteins?

A

amino acids

99
Q

What are amino acids?

A

-molecules that combine to form proteins
-when proteins are digested, amino acids are the result

100
Q

what are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

1.histidine
2. isoleucine
3. leucine
4. lysine
5. methionine
6. phenylalanine
7. threonine
8. tryptophan
9. valine

101
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

102
Q

what is a dipeptide?

A

a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues

103
Q

What is denaturation?

A

the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure.

ex, heat damage to your hair

104
Q

what is coagulation?

A

the change in the structure of protein (from a liquid form to solid or a thicker liquid) brought about by heat, mechanical action or acids

105
Q

what is a nucletotide?

A

-basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
-consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

106
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

-waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body.
-important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid.

107
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

a phosphorus-containing fatty substance that forms the main structural part of a cell membrane.

108
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme

109
Q

what is a cofactor?

A

a non- protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein’s biological activity.

110
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

fat where all carbon atoms are fully bonded with hydrogen atoms, resulting in nodouble bonds between carbon atoms.
-typically found in animal products and some plant oils.

111
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

a type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fat

bio 20 (7 decks)

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