body systems quiz 1 Flashcards
What is metabolism?
all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy
what are the 2 types of metabolism?
- Anabolic
- Catabolic
what is anabolic metabolism?
complex chemicals built from smaller ones
what is catabolic metabolism?
large chemicals broken into smaller ones
What is a nutrient?
Any substance that nourishes an organism, found in
food you eat
what is the role of the digestive system?
provide nutrients to the bodys cells.
What are the 4 type of nutrients?
- Essential nutrients
- Macronutrients
- Micronutrients
- Neccessary nutrients
what are essential nutrients?
Must be supplied from outside the body
what are macronutrients?
Required in large amounts each day
what are micronutrients?
Required in small amounts
What are necessary nutrients?
Are needed but can be made by the body
what do lipids (fats) do?
-long term energy storage compound
-structural component of cell membranes
-provides insulation
>Triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
what do nucleic acids do?
-contain DNA & RNA> genetic material that directs cell activity
-composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrgen bases
what do proteins do?
-structual component of the cell
-composed of amino acids
>also called polypeptides
what do carbohydrates do?
-primary energy source of cells
-structural material of plant cell walls
>have monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
what do vitamins and minerals do?
-help in chemical reactions
-often found in complex chemicals
why is carbon important?
-carbon is the structural framework for all living things.
-froms bonds with many elements.
-used in storage compounds and cell formation in all living things.
What are some inorganic compounds?
-hydrogen carbonates
-carbonates
-oxides of carbon
what are organic compounds?
In living organisms, organic compounds always contian hydrogen along wth carbon.
>contain all macronutrients and vitamins
what are the 3 things organic compounds are used to to build?
- carbohydrates (sugars)
- lipids (fats)
- proteins (polypeptides)
what is a monomer?
a single building block that can react with other monomers.
What is a polymer?
Multiple monomers that have come together to form a larger chemical compound
>most macromolecules are monomers
how are monmers joined together?
Through dehydration synthesis, condensation or dehydrolysis.
How are monomers separated?
Hydrolysis using water to break a bond
What is hydrolysis?
The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water
What are 3 macronutrients?
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
what are 3 carbohydrates?
- monosaccharides
- dissacharides
- polysaccharides
What are disaccharides?
Sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.
-lactose, sucrose, maltose
What are monosaccharides?
simplest form of sugar
-glucose, fructose, galactose
What are polysaccharides?
Sugar formed when alot of monosaccharides are linked.
-glycogen, starch, cellulose
How are polysaccharides stored?
as granules in plastids found in the chloroplast
What is sucrose ?
(Glucose + fructose) Main sugar transported from leaves to roots in plants
-an isomer
What is lactose?
(Glucose + galactose), a milk sugar
-lactose intolerance-> lack of the enzyme lactase
What does polysaccharide do for plants?
Is a food storage stored as granites in plastids found in the chloroplast
What are the two forms of polysaccharides ?
Amylose (unbranched)
Amylopectin (branched)
What is glycogen?
Food storage polysaccharide of animals found mainly in muscle and liver cells as granules.
-glycogen storage is used in a day unless replenished by eating food
What happens when blood sugars are low?
Hydrolysis releases glucose
What stores polymer glycogen?
Liver cells
What is cellulose?
-Most abundant organic compound on Earth
-Structural polysaccharide of plants composed of thousands of glucose used to build their cell walls.
-Humans find cellulose indigestible material that exits the body in recess
what are the two forms of polysaccharides?
- amylose
- amylopectin
why do animals and humans have enzymes?
to hydrolyze (break down) plant starch into glucose
What does hydrolysis do in glycogen?
releases glucose when demand for
sugar increases (blood sugar levels are low).
What happens to glycogen storage after a day?
depleted unless replenished by eating food.
What happens to lipids in water.
unsoluble due to their non polarity
What are many lipids composed of/what are their monomers?
glycerol and a fatty acid
> Combined through dehydration synthesis
what is the function of lipids?
-as structural materials - cell membranes, cushions for delicate organs, carriers for fat soluble vitamins
-as energy reservoirs - excess glycogen in animals is converted to fat
What are the 4 polymers of lipids?
- Triglycerides (fats/oils)
- Phospholipids (membranes)
- Waxes
- Sterols (cholesterol, steroids
Male sex hormones are called androgen, female sex hormones are called estrogens)
What are fatty acids?
simple raw material with long hydrocarbon tails.
What are 2 types of fatty acids?
- Animal Fats – solid, saturated triglycerides
(no double bonds) - Plant oils – liquid, unsaturated triglycerides (≥ 1
double bond)
Do saturated fats have double bonds?
no
Do unsaturated fats have double bonds?
yes
What is hydrogenation?
Process by which hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats and oils
why are artifical trans fat bad?
your body can’t break them down
what does hydrogenation produce?
Saturated fats with high melting points which are common in the food industry.
What does excessive trans fat lead to?
high LDL cholesterol level which increases the risk of coronary heart disease.
-Takes longer to metabolize so trans-fats accumulate in fatty tissue
What is atherosclerosis?
build up of cholesterol and other fatty tissue which clogs arteries, affecting blood flow
Does your body create omega-3 fatty acids
no
What do omega 3 fatty acids help with?
-Lower blood pressure.
-Reduce risk of blood clots
and blocked blood vessels.
-Protect against abnormal
heart rhythms that can cause
sudden death.
-Prevent hardening of the
arteries.
Where are omega 3 fatty acids found?
plant and fish oils
Things about triglycerides?
-One glycerol and three fatty acids linked together.
-Contain lots of energy!
-Stored in fat cells.
what is needed to make triglyceride?
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
what are steroids (sterols) ?
-Are long carbon chains found in ring structures
-Basic structure of all steroids begins with cholesterol.
>Also make up parts of the cell membrane
> form sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
What are waxes?
Long chain fatty acids bonded with long chain alcohols or to carbon rings.
-Very stable, water insoluble molecules
-Used for waterproofing and protecting plants
(cuticle), maintaining animals (fur and/or
skin) and birds (feathers), candles etc.
what is the liposome?
Double layered sphere used to:
-carry drugs through-out the body.
-Gene therapy > introduce new DNA to cells.
What is LDL?
(low-density lipoprotein)- bad cholesterol (clog arteries)
What is HDL?
(high-density lipoprotein)- good cholesterol (carries LDLs to liver to be broken down)
What are proteins?
-Long chains of amino acids
-Polymers
-Used for making enzymes, muscles, bone antibodies, etc
What does each protein have?
A unique sequence of amino acids that determines their structure and specific function
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
Humans can make all but how many essential proteins?
8
What are R groups?
-can be categorized by chemical properties
-different combinations determine the shape of protein
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis between the amino and the carboxyl groups
What is the primary structure of a protein?
-Linear string of amino acids
-Starts with an amino group and ends with a carboxyl group
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
-Protein forms two kinds of structures depending on the different R groups on the amino acids
-Proteins form a combination of these two structures
What is the combination of two structures in the secondary structure?
- Alpha helix – Spiral structure
* Keratin – hair and nails (mostly spiral) - Beta sheets – Flat structure
* Silk – spider web and silkworms
(mostly pleated sheets)
What is the tertiary structure?
-Final 3D shape
-Interactions between the protein
secondary structure helps a protein fold
into its final structure
-Protein folding determines the proteins
function
Round proteins, enzymes and insulin
What is Quaternary structure?
the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement
-Transports gases (mainly O2/ some CO2)
What are 6 roles of protein?
- Structural Support
- Enzymes
- Defense
- Hormones
- Transport
- Muscle/movement
What is structural support in relation to proteins?
keratin of hair, nails and horn; collagen of ligaments, tendons and skin.
What are enzymes in relation to proteins?
(biological catalysts)– alter the speed of reactions under normal conditions.
What is defense in relation to proteins?
(against disease) – antibodies
(immunoglobulins) that combine with
foreign antigens.
What are hormones in relation to proteins?
(chemical messengers) –regulatory proteins produced and secreted by
the endocrine glands.
What is transport in relation to proteins?
(membrane proteins) – channel /
carrier proteins allow substances to enter and exit the cell (pumps and receptors).
What is muscle/movement in relation to proteins?
(contractile proteins) - actin and myosin allow parts of cells and muscles to move.
What does ATP have?
Has the nitrogen base adenine attached to a ribuse sugar with a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it.
What are the 3 ATP power cellular works?
- Mechanical
- Transport
- Chemical
what is the mechanical ATP power cellular?
muscle contaction, chromosome movement, beating cilia
what is the transport ATP power cellular?
pumping substances across membranes (low to high)
What is the chemical ATP power cellular?
making macromolecules (carbohydrates and proteins)
are vitamins organic?
yes
are minerals organic?
no
What is maltose?
Maltose is a sugar that forms when starches like potatoes or rice are broken down in the digestive system.
What is starch?
a carbohydrate-> polysaccharide which has a long chain of glucose molecules.
What is chitin?
-Natural polymer found in fungi cell wall, exoskeletons of insects, and the shells of crustaceans
-Provides strength and protection to fragile bodies of these organisms
-Is a nitrogenous polysaccharide
What is glucose?
main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body’s cells.
What is fructose?
-A type of sugar known as a monosaccharide.
-Fructose is also known as “fruit sugar” because it primarily occurs naturally in many fruits.
What is galactose?
Simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in milk, dairy products, often part of the disaccharide lactose.
What are the 4 elements in a protein?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
- Oxygen
What are the monomers in proteins?
amino acids
What are amino acids?
-molecules that combine to form proteins
-when proteins are digested, amino acids are the result
what is a peptide bond?
a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein
what is a dipeptide?
a peptide composed of two amino-acid residues
What is denaturation?
the unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure.
ex, heat damage to your hair
what is coagulation?
the change in the structure of protein (from a liquid form to solid or a thicker liquid) brought about by heat, mechanical action or acids
what is a nucletotide?
-basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA).
-consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
What is cholesterol?
-waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body.
-important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid.
what are phospholipids?
a phosphorus-containing fatty substance that forms the main structural part of a cell membrane.
what are coenzymes?
a nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
what is a cofactor?
a non- protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein’s biological activity.
What is a saturated fat?
fat where all carbon atoms are fully bonded with hydrogen atoms, resulting in nodouble bonds between carbon atoms.
-typically found in animal products and some plant oils.
What is an unsaturated fat?
a type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fat
