immunity, toic 4 Flashcards
what is the lymphatic system?
a network of tubes, glands and nodes
-transports a fluid called lymph which is made up of interstitial fluid
what are lymph nodes also called?
lymph glands
what do lymph nodes do?
help you fight off infections
-filters that trap virsuses, bacteria and other illnesses
do lymph nodes contain alot of WBC?
yes
what is the structure of lymph capillaries?
tiny, thin-walled vessels closed at one end
where are lymph capillaries located?
in the spaces between the cells
what is the purpose of lymph capillaries?
serve to drain interstitial
What is the structure of lymph vessels?
Thin walled vessels structured like blood vessels
What do lymph vessels do?
Carry lymph toward your lymph ducts
What kinda fluid is plasma?
Interstitial fluid
Where does plasma leak out of?
The capillaries
What is collected by the lymph vessels?
Fluid which will then be transported to major veins where it will renter bloodstream
How does the lymph fluid move in one direction?
Because the lymph vessels have valves which force the fluid to move in only one direction
What absorbs lipids?
A lymphatic vessel called lacteal in each villus of the small intestine
What do resident lymphocytes do?
Remove foreign materials, bacteria, viruses from the lymph fluid
What does the immune system do?
Kills and removes pathogens (disease causing agents)
What is the first line of defence in immune response?
Physical barriers
-skin
What happens in the second line of défense in immunity?
Infection occurs
-destroyed by macrophages
What is the third line of défense in the immune response?
Specific cell mediated immunity
-helper T-cells, killer T-cells
What is the fourth line of defence in the immune response?
Antibody mediated immunity
-helper T-cells, B-cells, memory cells
What kinda cells produce antibodies?
B-cells
-antibodies are specific to each pathogen
What are antibodies?
proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system
What is an antigen?
Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance
what do killer T-cells do?
destroy damaged, mutated or invaded cells
-this is called cell-mediated immunity
what do memory cells do?
retain memory of the foreign invader and rest until anotehr infection occurs
what do surpressor T-cells do?
regulate the immune response
-turn off the immune resposnse after an infection has been cleared.
what is a macrophage?
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells
What are B-cells?
a type of white blood cell that makes infection-fighting proteins called antibodies.
what is a virus?
microscopic organisms that can infect hosts, like humans, plants or animals.
what is bacteria?
microscopic living organisms that have only one cell.
-they are on skin, airways and mouth
what is fungus?
presence of fungi or yeast in the blood
what are some physical barriers in the body?
-eyelashes
-cillia in respiratory tract
what are some chemical barriers in the body?
-tears
-stomach acid
what are WBC types involved in the second line of defence?
macrophages, neutrophils and monocytes
What is the process of WBC destroying pathogens?
phagocytosis; WBC extends cell membranes, engulf foreign substance and bring it into the white blood cell to be digested.
what is agglutination?
the clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies
-only some blood types are compatible
what is the RH factor?
another type of blood group
-people who have it are Rh+and those that dont are Rh-
what do vaccines take and inject into people?
dead or weakened pathogens
Do patgogens cause illnesses?
no but they are recognized as foreign by the immune system
what is the bodies response to a vaccine?
body creates antibodies to pathogen so if you ever get it again you cant’ be infected
what is herd immunity?
enough people in a group or area have achieved immunity (protection) against a virus or other infectious agent to make it very difficult for the infection to spread
do AB blood types have antibodies?
no
do O blood types have antigens?
no
what two antibodies does O blood types have?
anti-A and anti-B
what two antigens do AB blood types have?
A and B antigens
What is hemoglobin?
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
What are the 3 main components of blood?
Plasma (55%)
White blood cells and platelets (1%)
Red blood cells (44%)
Which blood originates from red bone marrow?
-Red blood cells
-white blood cells (granulocytes and monocytes, lymphocytes)
-platelets
Which blood originates from thymus?
Lymphocytes
Which blood originates from the lungs?
Platelets
What is the role of RBC?
Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells
What is the function of the white blood cells granulocytes and monocytes?
To engulf foreign particles
