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Unit 2 Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is ecology?

A

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment and with each other.

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2
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living and biological compound, ex plants, animals etc

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3
Q

Abiotic factors

A

non living compound, ex rocks, water, wind etc

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4
Q

Biotic limiting factors

A

Competition , predators, parasites, human interference

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5
Q

Abiotic limiting factors

A

Space/shelter, average temp, food/inorganic nutrients, water availability, soil type, sunlight, wind speed

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6
Q

Levels of organization?

A

Biosphere>ecosystem>community>population>organism>organ system>organ>tissue>cell>molecule>atom

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7
Q

What is a biome?

A

A large scale ecosystem

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8
Q

Where is a biome found?

A

Around the world ex, tundra, grassland

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9
Q

How are biomes distributed

A

Based on climate (temperature and rainfall)

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10
Q

What is climate and rainfall influenced by?

A

Incoming solar radiation that increases energy (heat) which results in density changes in the air and in the water.

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11
Q

What does solar radiation affect?

A

1 .Rise and fall of air masses
2. Evaporation or precipitation of moisture
3. Ocean currents

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12
Q

What are the 6 biomes in Alberta?

A

1.Muskeg
2.Boreal forest
3.Grassland
4.Rocky mountains
5.Parkland
6.Canadian shield

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13
Q

Things about the Muskeg

A

-Cold temperatures
-Short growing seasons
-Permafrost layer beneath the soil
-Low precipitation (50-150 cm/year)
-Black bear, caribou, moss, lichens, rapid flowering plants

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14
Q

Things about the Boreal forest

A

-Also called taiga
-Northern and central Alberta
-Changeable weather
-Soil contains some water and is acidic
-Precipitation -50-250cm/year
-Black and grizzly bears, wolverines, weasels, grouse, deer, moose, owls, spruce, pine, shrubs, ferns, mosses and lichens.

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15
Q

Things about the Grassland

A

-Central and southern Alberta
-Increased sunlight and warmer temperatures than other ecosystems
-Rich fertile soil
-Precipitation 25-100cm/year
-Bison, deer, rabbits,grasses, grasshoppers, hawks..

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16
Q

Things about the Rocky mointains

A

-Western Alberta
-Harsh climates up high, mild in valleys
-Polar, pine, spruce, fir, deer, bears, elk, moose, bighorn sheep, mountain goats..

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17
Q

Things about Parkland

A

-Central Alberta
-Increased temperature and sunlight compared to the rest of Alberta
-Rich soil
-Precipitation -75-250cm/year
-Black bears, weasels, moose, deer, woodpeckers, deciduous trees, shrubs.

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18
Q

Things about the Canadian shield

A

-North eastern most part of Alberta
-Harshest temperatures
-Permafrost in some areas (land frozen all year long)
-Short warm summers, long Cold winters
-Precipitaion 145cm/year
-Moose, beavers, wolves, lynx, spruce, pine, blueberries, lichen, moss, grasses

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19
Q

Different ecosystems have a variety of habitats, TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What is a habitat?

A

An area with a particular set of biotic and abiotic characteristics

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21
Q

Within each habitat are various of different ecological niches, TRUE or FALSE?

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

Organisms role in an ecosystem, consisting of its place in the food web, its habitat, its breeding area and time of day at which its most active.

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23
Q

Basically ecological niche is

A

-Where it lives
-what it eats
-How it breeds

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24
Q

What are the factors limiting growth in ecosystems?

A
  1. Biotic potental
  2. Birth potential
  3. Capacity for survival
  4. Breeding frequency
  5. Length of reproductive life
  6. Competition
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25
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

The maximum # of number of offsprings that a species could produce with unlimited resources.

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26
Q

What is growth, survival and distribution of populations controlled by?

A

Limited factors, abiotic and biotic conditions that limit the number of individuals in a population.

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27
Q

What is birth potential?

A

The maxium # of offspring per birth. ( ex, women can only have one kid, on average, per 9 months )

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28
Q

What is capacity for survival ?

A

The # of offspring that reach reproductive age.

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29
Q

What is breeding frequency?

A

The number of times a species reproduces each year

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30
Q

What is the length of reproductive life ?

A

The age of sexual maturity and the number of years and individual can reproduce

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31
Q

What is competition?

A

Struggle between organisms for resources in the environment

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32
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between members of the same species

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33
Q

What might populations compete over?

A

Water, sunlight, soil nutrients, shelter, mates and breeding species

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34
Q

What is inter specific competition?

A

Competition between different species

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35
Q

What reduces competition?

A

Niches, species are resource partioning

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36
Q

What reduces competition?

A

Niches, species are resource partioning

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37
Q

What happens when new species enter the ecosystem?

A

Causes a disturbance due to competition for niche with the species that was origin there

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38
Q

Can two species occupy the same niche?

A

No

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39
Q

How are new species introduced?

A

Happens naturally, animals are mobile and can move from one ecosystem to another.

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40
Q

What does introduction of new species by humans cause?

A

Species depletion and extinction, second to habitat loss.
-native species may not be able to compete and may not have the défense mechanisms

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41
Q

What’s a predator?

A

Organism consuming another organism

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42
Q

What is a prey?

A

Organism being consumed by the predator

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43
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Interaction where one organism derives its nourishment from another organism (the host)

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44
Q

In parasitism Is the host always permanently harmed or killed?

A

no

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45
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other chemicals in an organism

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46
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

-Concentration of toxins in an organism after ingesting them from other plants or animals

-More concentrated as you move up the food chain

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47
Q

What is monocultures?

A

Large crops of all the same type of plant
-efficient and time saving
-modern farmers method

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48
Q

What are negative aspects of monoculture?

A

-Decreased biodiversity
-Loss of wild plants
-Loss of insect species
-More susceptible to disease
-Hard on soil

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49
Q

What are special concern species?

A

Wildlife species that may become a threatened or endangered species because of a combination of biological chractersitics and identified threats.

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50
Q

What are extriprated species?

A

A species that no longerexists in the wild Canada but occuring elsewhere

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51
Q

What are threatened species?

A

Species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed.

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52
Q

What are endangered species?

A

A species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction

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53
Q

What are extinct species?

A

Species no longer present in its original range or as a distinct species any longer.

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54
Q

What are species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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55
Q

What is population?

A

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

56
Q

What is a community?

A

All of the organism in all interacting populations in a given area.

57
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Community of populations, together with the abiotic factors that surround and affect it.

58
Q

What is an ecotone?

A

A reason of transition between two biological communities.

59
Q

What are the 6 terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

A
  1. Prairies, mountain, forests
  2. Ponds, lakes, oceans
60
Q

What can forests be broken up into?

A

1.Canopy
2. Sub canopy or understory
3. Forest floor
4. Soil

61
Q

What is the canopy?

A

the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns.

62
Q

What happens when the canopy is denser?

A

Less things grow on the forest floor

63
Q

What are the 4 levels of soil views as typical series of layers?

A
  1. Litter
  2. Topsoil
  3. Subsoil
  4. Bedrock
64
Q

What is the litter layer?

A

Upper layer, partially decomposed leaves/grasses

65
Q

What is the topsoil?

A

Under litter, small particles of rock mixed with decaying plant and animal matter called humus. ( great for plants )

66
Q

What is subsoil?

A

Under topsoil, more rock particles with only small amounts of organic matter

67
Q

What is bedrock?

A

Beneath soil, composed of rocks

68
Q

The richer the soil the more?

A

Plants an area can support

69
Q

What human activities disrupt the soil?

A

Mining, farming, housing

70
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect terrestrial ecosystems?

A
  1. Water
  2. Temperature
  3. Sunlight
71
Q

What does available water depend on?

A

-Precipitation
-Duration it stays in the soil
-How much is collected beneath soil

72
Q

Things about temperature

A
  • changes how organisms function in their environment
  • organisms are able to adapt to temperature fluctuations
  • organisms can also migrate or hibernate to escape undesired temperatures
73
Q

Things about sunlight

A
  • sunlight varies between different ecosystems
  • this results in different varieties and specializations of organisms in these ecosystems
74
Q

What are the 4 aquatic zones

A
  1. Littoral zone
  2. Limnetic zone
  3. Profundal zone
  4. Benthic zone
75
Q

Things about the littoral zone

A
  • closest to the shoreline
  • rooked plants, clinging insects, wading birds, turtles, frogs
76
Q

Things about the limnetic zone

A
  • sunlight surface away from the shoreline of lake or ocean
  • phytoplankton photosynthesize and produce oxygen
  • zooplankton feed on phytoplankton, small minnows and larger fish
77
Q

Things about the profundal zone?

A
  • insufficient light for photosynthesis
  • decomposers live here
  • catfish and whitefish feed on debris
78
Q

Things about the benthic zone?

A
  • stream lake or ocean floor (slit/sana)
  • light does not penetrate
  • decomposers (bacteria) break down waste
  • worms, snails, clams, crayfish
79
Q

What are the 4 abiotic factors affecting ecosystems?

A
  1. Chemical environment
  2. Temperature and sunlight
  3. Water pressure
  4. Seasonal variation
80
Q

chemical environment?

A
  • freshwater vs saltwater
  • amount of dissolved substance, ex phosphorus, nitrogen, pollutants
  • amount of dissolved oxygen
81
Q

Temperature and sunlight in aquatic ecosystems

A
  • affected by depth of water as well as the seasons
  • ecosystems near the surface will get more light and warmer temperatures
  • the deeper you go the less light you get
82
Q

Water pressure in relation to aquatic ecosystems?

A

Water pressure increases when you move deeper into the water body because water is 800 times denser than air

83
Q

Seasonal variation?

A
  • as water cools, it becomes more dense until it reaches 4 degrees Celsius then it becomes less dense. (density varies with temperature)
  • this change in density causes water to circulate seasonally in lakes
84
Q

Why do we classify?

A

To understand complex variety of living things

85
Q

How do we identify organisms?

A

Use data about common features

86
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

87
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Science of classification according to inferred relationships among organisms

88
Q

Who is Carolus Linnaeus and what did he do?

A

-regarded as the father of taxonomy
-laid the foundations of the binomial system of nomenclature

89
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

A system of naming organisms with a two part latin scientific name

90
Q

What are the rules of nomenclature?

A

-First part is the genus
-Second part is the descriptive name or species
-Each genus can include many species or related organisms
-genus and species are itralicized or underlined if handwritten
-All taxa from the genus level and higher are capitalized

91
Q

What are the levels of taxa?

A

-All living things fit into a series of categories that become more specific as you go down
-The more closely related two species are the more levels they share

92
Q

What are domains?

A

-Highest level of organization
-three domains
1.Archae
2.Eubacteria
3.Eukarya

93
Q

What is eubacteria

A

-Also known as the TRUE bacteria or Eurobacteria
-They are microscopic prokaryotic cells
-prokaryotic means they dont have a nucleus or organelles

94
Q

What is archaea bacteria?

A

-Most microbes that live in extreme environments. (called extremeophyles)
-Dont have a nucleus
-Most likely the ancestors of eukaryotic cells

95
Q

What is eukarya

A

-Have cells that contain a nucleus
-Domain includes
>plants
>animals
>fungi
>protista

96
Q

8 levels in the hierarchy of taxa?

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
97
Q

way to remember 8 levels?

A

King phil can on friday get spaghetti

98
Q

What do phylogenic trees show?

A

relationships between different organisms evolutionary pathways
-starts from the oldest (most ancestral) form and branches off to descendants

99
Q

What is a dichotomus key

A

-Use observable characteristics to identify organisms
-They are organized in steps with 2 steps each
-These statements are used to identify the organism being looked at

100
Q

What are adaptations?

A

A structure, behavior or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

101
Q

What is structural adaptation?

A

Physical features of an organism

102
Q

What is behavioural adaptation?

A

Things organisms do in order to survive

103
Q

What is physiological adaptation?

A

Adaptations affecting internal functions
ex; breathing, temp, chemical mechanisms

104
Q

What is evolution?

A

Process in which populations change because individuals with certian traits survive and reproduce
-often called survival of the fittest

105
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A

-Organisms that are best suited for their environment survive and breed
-Beneficial traits tend to become more common over time

106
Q

What is microevolution?

A

-A small scale evolution within populations
-Measured by a change in allele frequencies in a
population over generations

107
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

-Evolution on a large scale over the history of life on Earth
-Both involved in mutation, natural selection and migration.

108
Q

What is overproduction?

A

-Number of offspring produced is more than can survive
-some bacteria can divide every 20min

109
Q

What is variation

A

differences among individuals within a population

110
Q

What can variation be caused by?

A

Mutation- changes in the DNA
>mostly neutral or harmful
>rarely are beneficial

111
Q

When does mutation occur?

A

Often happens when DNA is replicated
-1 mistake/ 1 billion base pairs
-we have about 3 billion base pairs in our genome
Can be caused by mutagens
-UV light
-gasoline
-cigarette smoke

112
Q

Examples of mutation

A

sickle cell anemia
-single base pair change causes the shape of the whoke blood cell to change shape

113
Q

What happens with mutations in populations?

A

They produce very quickly (bacteria) mutations can occur and spread really quickly

114
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

-Creates genetically distinct offspring by blending the DNA f two different individuals
-During this blending genes combine in different ways creating combinations
-speeds up evolution

115
Q

What is speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

116
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

-When accumulation of inherited variations over numerous generations

117
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

both groups evolve independently so even when they come back together they can’t make in nature to produce fertile offspring.

118
Q

what is allopatric speciation?

A

Allopatric speciation happens when two populations are isolated and cant breed when brought back together

119
Q

What did Plato and Aristotle believe?

A

-life persisted in a perfected and unchanging form from the moment of creation
-persisted until the 16th century

120
Q

What did Georges-Louis Leclerc suggest?

A

-wrote a book called: “histoire naturelle”
-saw that humans and apes had similarity
>common ancestor
-thought that species may improve or degeneerate based on the environment they live in
-suggested that the earth was very old (more than 6000 years)

121
Q

What did Georges Cuvier suggest?

A

-father of palaeontology
-popularized the theroru of catastrophism
>idea that earth has been affected by sudden and violent changes (revolutions)
>Thinks earthquake or volcanic eruptions
-studied fossils and found that each stratum (layer of rock) had different fossils
>some species went extinct whle others occured
-rocl layers with the same species of fossil in them had to be the same age
-you could date rocks if you could find similar species

122
Q

Charles Lyell

A

-Father of modern geology
-popularized the theory of uniformitarianism
>theory that geological processes are consistent in the present and in the past
-the earth is VERY old (4.6 billion years old)

123
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

-wrote the book “philosophies zoologique”
-compared current species with fossils
-observed there was a line of descent leading from simple to complex organisms
-most complex organisms had achieved perfection (humans)

124
Q

Jean baptiste three theories?

A
  1. theory of passing on acquired traits
  2. Theory of need
  3. Theory of use and disuse
125
Q

What is the theory of passing on acquired traits?

A

-traits acquired during an orgnaisms time could be passed onto offspring
-didnt know about genes or DNA

126
Q

What is theory of need?

A

-organisms change because they need to
-this is because of environement prssures
-girraffes NEED to reach the tall leaves so they strecth their necks, over time this longer neck ispassed on to their offspring

127
Q

What is the theory of use and disuse?

A

-If a developed trait is used it will remain and be passed on
-if a developed trait is notused it will weaken and disappear

128
Q

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace?

A

-acceoeted the idea that populations change over time
-needed a MECHANISM to explain how species changed
-Darwin was influenced by many people, scientists, philosophers and even economist

129
Q

Thomas Malthus?

A

-overproduction
-Malthus work was that population growth would always overpower food supply growth, creating perpetual states of hunger, disease and struggle
-Darwin extended Malthus’ principle to the evolutionay scheme.

130
Q

“On the origin of species”

A

-present forms of life arisen by decent and modification from an ancestral species
-the mechanism for modification id nature working for long periods of time
-all life comes from a single common ancestor
-works over a long time period

131
Q

Natural selection?

A

-overproduction>produce more organisms than can possibly sruvive
-overproduction is reduced through starvation and disease
-acts on variation>differences in how organisms look and what traits they have
-those organisms that had helped them adapt to their environment would be most likely to survive and pass these traits on to the next generation
>Eventually woud al have same traits

132
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A

-Nature selects which organisms survive based on traits that give them an advantage in the environment
-Organisms that survive pass the traits on to the next generation, this is how new species arise over time
-called>speciation

133
Q

What are modern theories of evolution?

A

-Gradualism> changes occur steadily in a linear fashion
>new species come from lots of small changes over time
>problems: no fossils that show this, but fossil record is incomplete.

134
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

-sudden rapid change
-fossil records show long periods where there is little change followed by short burst of speciation
-can happen when animals or plants are REPRODUCTIVELY isolated

135
Q

What are fossils? DE

A

Remains, impressions and traces of ancient organisms.

136
Q

How do fossils occur?

A

-organic components of organism are replaced by minerals
-impressions left by organisms are preserved by the solidification of mud
-organisms can be caught in tree sap (Uber and preserved
-mammoths, bison and other extinct animals have been found frozen in Arctic ice
-Acidic bogs>conditions retard decomposition

137
Q

What are

A

bio 20 (7 decks)

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