Topic 4 Respiratory System Flashcards
How can singled celled organisms absorb O2?
From the environment through diffusion
What environment is needed for single celled organism to absorb O2 through diffusion?
Large surface area that is moist
What happens to air when it enters the mouth and nose?
It is warmed and filtered
What are nasal passages lined with?
Hair, mucous, and cilia
What is cilia?
small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells.
They trap dust and pathogens
Where does cilia carry mucous?
To the pharynx where it is swallowe
What is the turbinate?
Long narrow and curled bone shelf which warm and moisten air
Function of pharynx?
Connects esophagus and trachea
Function of epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the trachea
What is larynx?
Widened portion of the trachea containing vocal cords.
What are vocal cords?
Thin, strong fibers formed from folds of mucous membrane
what is the trachea?
major air passage strengthened with rings of cartilage
is the esophagus behind the trachea?
yes
what does the trachea split into?
2 branches called the bronchi
what do the bronchi split into?
smaller branches called bronchioles
what are bronchi and bronicholes both lined with?
cillia and mucuous producing cells which move mucus up to the pharynx
why are bronicholes supported?
because they lack supporting cartilage rings.
-supported by smooth muscle cells.
what is alveoli?
end of bronchioles (tiny sacs)
Alveoli are the site of what?
CO2 and O2 exchange between air and blood by diffusion.
What are the 3 ways that Alveoli are specialized?
- Large surafce area for diffusion
- Thin walls for short diffusion distance
- A surrounding net of pulmonary capillaries
What is the pleural membranes?
double layer of membrane that covers lungs
-completely seals chest cavity away from rest of body.
Pleural membranes location (outer&inner)
-outer membrane sticks to inside chest cavity
-inner membrane sticks to lungs
What does fluid between mebranes do?
acts like glue to keep lungs attached to chest cavity and acts as lubrication
WHat is the diaphragm?
A dome shaped layer of muscle under the lungs
What are the intercostal muscles?
Muscles between the ribs that assist in breathing
What are the 2 mechanics of breathing?
- Inhalation
- Exhalation
What is inhalation?
intake of air due to expansion of thoracic activity.
-Diaphragm contracts pulling down
-intercostal rib muscles contract causing ribs to move up and away from the spine
What is exhalation?
Mostly passive process resulting rom relaxation of muscles (can be forced such as coughing ot sneezing)
What happens to pressure in inhalation and exhalation?
atmospheric pressure remains fairly constant, but pressure in the chest cavity changes.
What is hemoglobin?
protein that transports oxygen
What is tidal volume?
amount of air exchanged with each normal breath
What is inspiratory reserve?
additional air that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume
What is the expiratory reserve?
extra air that can be forcibly exhaled in excess of the tidal volume
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exchanged
What is residual volume?
amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration
What are breathing movements controlled by?
Nerves from the medulla oblangta in the brain
How is info about the co2 and o2 levels detected?
Through chemoreceptors (detect chemicals)
