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Biology 1650 > Unit 2: Lipids > Flashcards

Unit 2: Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids

A

Nonpolar compounds

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2
Q

Types of lipids (5)

A

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

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3
Q

Purpose of cell lipid (fat) storage

A

Long-term energy

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4
Q

Lipids provide insulation from the environment for whom? (2)

A

plants and animals

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5
Q

Types of lipid nonpolar bonds (2)

A

carbon-carbon or hydrocarbon bonds

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6
Q

Two main components of a fat molecule

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

Glycerol Structure

A

three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl groups

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8
Q

Fatty Acid Structure

A

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group; the tail

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9
Q

Ester Bond

A

Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids in fat molecules

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10
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Fatty acid with single bonds between carbons, saturated to capacity with hydrogen

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11
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Fatty acid with double bonds; liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

Monounsaturated fat

A

one double bond in the fat molecule; olive oil

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13
Q

Polyunsaturated fat

A

more than one double bond in a fat molecule; canola oil

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14
Q

cis and trans indicate

A

the configuration of the fat molecule around the double bond

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15
Q

cis Fat

A

hydrogens are in the same plane causing a “kink” that prevents fatty acids from packing tightly (liquid at room temperature)

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16
Q

trans Fats

A

Artificially hydrogenated oils; cis- chemical structure is altered to create a solid fat at room temperature

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17
Q

Phospholipids are major components of the

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

Phospholipid composition

A

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-linked head group

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19
Q

Amphipathic

A

Molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, like phospholipids

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20
Q

Micelle

A

Structure formed by phospholipids in water, with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside

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21
Q

Steroids are a type of __ with a __ structure and are ___ and __ in water.

A

Lipids; fused ring; hydrophobic; insoluble

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22
Q

Steroids are classified as a fat due to their __,__ nature in water.

A

insoluble, hydrophobic

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23
Q

Steroid structure

A

four-linked carbon rings and several have additional short tails or hydroxyl groups.

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24
Q

Cholesterol

A

Most common steroid; necessary for body’s proper functioning

25
Q

Sterols

A

Cholesterol components of the plasma membrane that help keep the membrane fluid; found within the phospholipid bilayer.

26
Q

Cell Recognition

A

Process where cells identify each other via markers on the plasma membrane

27
Q

In the signal transduction process, protein receptors act both as __ receivers and as attachment sites for __ activators.

A

extracellular input receivers; intracellular processing

28
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Description of plasma membrane as a fluid structure with various components

29
Q

Principle components of a plasma membrane include (6)

A

cholesterol, carbohydrates, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteins

30
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with attached carbohydrates on the plasma membrane surface

31
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids with attached carbohydrates on the plasma membrane surface

32
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins fully embedded in the plasma membrane structure

33
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Integral proteins extending through the membrane on both sides

34
Q

Single-Pass Transmembrane Proteins

A

Proteins with a hydrophobic segment spanning the membrane once

35
Q

Carbohydrate chains are bound to ____ or____ on the cell surface.

A

proteins or lipids

36
Q

Carbohydrate and proteins for specialized sites on the cell surface aiding in

A

cell recognition

37
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugar coating of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell’s exterior

38
Q

Role of glycocalyx (3)

A

cell & self identification, embryonic development, cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.

39
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

Weak attractions between non-polar molecules (lipid tails), aiding membrane rigidity

40
Q

Endomembrane system is a group of __ in eukaryotic cells that work together to __(3) lipids and __.

A

membranes and organelles; modify, package, and transport; proteins

41
Q

Functions of the endomembrane system (7)

A

package, transport, and modify lipids and proteins, digest macromolecules, store calcium ions, detoxify poisons, destroy pathogens

42
Q

Endomembrane system contents (6)

A

Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

43
Q

The endomembrane system does not include (3)

A

ribosomes, mitochondria or chloroplast membranes

44
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double-membrane structure surrounding the nucleus, with pores for regulating molecular passage

45
Q

The nuclear envelope controls the passage of __ (3) between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

A

ions, molecules, and RNA

46
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

A network of membranous sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and lipid synthesis

47
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth & rough ER

48
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface, involved in modifying proteins and synthesizing phospholipids.

49
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is the ER __ ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Involved in synthesizing __(3). Detoxify __ and store__.

A

Without; steroid hormones, phospholipids and carbs; poisons; calcium ions

50
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A series of flattened membranous sacs that sort, tag, package, and distribute lipids and proteins

51
Q

The functions of the Golgi apparatus are to package __ into transport vesicles, __ proteins and lipids, tag __ with __ and ___.

A

proteins; modify; proteins and lipids; phosphate groups or other small molecules.

52
Q

Lysosomes are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes to; (3)

A

break down macromolecules, digest worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens such as bacteria.

53
Q

Golgi’s apparatus cis face function

A

where substances enter the Golgi apparatus from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for processing

54
Q

Golgi’s apparatus trans face function

A

where substances exit the Golgi apparatus in the form of smaller vesicles

55
Q

Order of protein production

A

rough ER -> transport vesicle -> Golgi apparatus -> transport vesicle -> plasma membrane

56
Q

Lumen

A

The interior of the ER

57
Q

Free ribosomes generally produce proteins that will be used

A

within the cytoplasm

58
Q

Membrane-bound ribosomes generally produce proteins that will either be __ or __.

A

embedded in a membrane, or secreted from the cell.

59
Q

Triglyceride function and structure

A

energy storage. glycerol (1) and fatty acid chains (3)

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

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