Unit 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Question 1

The four elements that make up 96%+ of living cells

Answer 1

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

Question 2

The atomic number is

Answer 2

the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Question 3

Covalent bond

Answer 3

sharing of an electron pair between two atoms. symbol: single line

Question 4

Ionic bond

Answer 4

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 5

Hydrogen bond

Answer 5

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other

Question 6

Polar covalent bond

Answer 6

atoms share electrons unequally

Question 7

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 7

atoms share electrons equally

Question 8

The first (innermost) electron shell has a capacity of

Answer 8

2 electrons

Question 9

The second electron shell has a capacity of

Answer 9

8 electrons

Question 10

The third electron shell has a capacity of

Answer 10

8 electrons

Question 11

Atoms with a full outer electron shell will __ form chemical bonds with other atoms

Answer 11

not

Question 12

Electro-negativity

Answer 12

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons

Question 13

Matter

Answer 13

Any substance that occupies space and has mass

Question 14

Elements

Answer 14

matter that cannot break down into smaller substances and are made up of one type of atom.

Question 15

Atom

Answer 15

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the element’s chemical properties

Question 16

The atoms center contains (2)

Answer 16

protons and neutrons

Question 17

The atom’s outermost region holds

Answer 17

its electrons in orbit around the nucleus

Question 18

Atoms contain (3)

Answer 18

protons, electrons, and neutrons

Question 19

The valence shell

Answer 19

The outermost shell in a Bohr model

Question 20

When two or more atoms chemically bond with each other, the resultant chemical structure is a

Answer 20

molecule or compound.

Question 21

Cations

Answer 21

are positive ions that form by losing electrons

Question 22

Anions

Answer 22

Negative ions form by gaining electrons. End in “ide”

Question 23

Molecule

Answer 23

One or more types of atoms bonded together

Question 24

Ion

Answer 24

an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge

Question 25

Atomic number

Answer 25

Number of protons

Question 26

A neutral state is when

Answer 26

There is the same amount of protons and electrons

Question 27

Any line end or bend is a

Answer 27

Carbon

Question 28

Why must pH be kept within a certain range in a cell or body compartment?

Answer 28

enzymes only work within a certain range of pH

Question 29

What properties of water are due to its hydrogen bonds?

Answer 29

high heat vaporization
high specific heat capacity
ice is less dense than liquid
it’s cohesion
it’s ability to dissolve many other compounds

Question 30

The structure of DNA comes from

Answer 30

PBS (phosphate, base and sugar)

Question 31

Nucleic acids are made from what monomers

Answer 31

Nucleotides