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Biology 1650 > Test 3: Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Test 3: Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

A method of reproduction where genetically identical clones are produced through a single parent without the involvement of gametes.

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A method of reproduction involving the fusion of two haploid cells to form a genetically unique diploid organism, introducing variation into offspring.

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of cell division that produces haploid cells as part of the sexual reproductive cycle, reducing the chromosome number by half.

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

The process of uniting two haploid cells to form a diploid zygote, restoring the diploid condition.

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5
Q

Diploid

A

Organisms with two sets of chromosomes per somatic cell, where each chromosome type has two copies that are homologous to each other.

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6
Q

Haploid

A

Cells containing one set of chromosomes, which is half the diploid number.

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7
Q

Germ cells

A

Specialized diploid cells in animals that give rise to haploid gametes through meiosis.

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8
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle in plants where multicellular haploid and diploid organisms alternate, such as in ferns.

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9
Q

Gametes

A

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction, each containing one set of chromosomes.

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10
Q

Sporophyte

A

The diploid multicellular plant in plants with alternation of generations, producing haploid spores through meiosis.

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11
Q

Gametophyte

A

The haploid multicellular plant in plants with alternation of generations, producing gametes.

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12
Q

Zygospore

A

The diploid cell formed by the fusion of specialized haploid cells in fungi, undergoing meiosis to produce haploid spores.

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13
Q

Meiosis I

A

Separates homologous chromosomes into haploid daughter cells

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14
Q

Interphase

A

Precedes meiosis, includes G1, S, G2 phases for cell growth and DNA replication

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15
Q

Chromosome replication

A

Produces identical sister chromatids held at centromere until anaphase II

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16
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pair, undergo crossing over

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17
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

Chiasma

A

Visual evidence of crossing over events

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19
Q

Prometaphase I

A

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of homologous chromosomes

20
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous chromosomes align at metaphase plate randomly

21
Q

Independent assortment

A

Random alignment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase plate

22
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Occurs during prophase I, introduces genetic variation

23
Q

Random fertilization

A

Contributes to unique gene combinations in offspring

24
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Result from the first meiotic division, containing one set of chromosomes

25
Q

Chiasmata

A

Break in anaphase I, where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

26
Q

Telophase I

A

Stage where separated chromosomes reach opposite poles in meiosis I

27
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Physical separation of cytoplasmic components into daughter cells

28
Q

Interkinesis

A

Brief phase between meiosis I and II, lacking S phase

29
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal chromosome number, including monosomy or trisomy

30
Q

Euploid

A

Individual with a complete set of chromosomes

31
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate

32
Q

Barr Body

A

Inactive X chromosome structure in females to compensate for double X dose

33
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Genetic disorder in males with XXY genotype, leading to infertility

34
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

Genetic disorder in females with X0 genotype, causing various symptoms

35
Q

Trisomy

A

Possessing an extra chromosome of a particular type

36
Q

Monosomy

A

Missing one chromosome of a particular type

37
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

38
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

39
Q

Triploid

A

Individual with three sets of chromosomes

40
Q

Tetraploid

A

Individual with four sets of chromosomes

41
Q

Trisomic

A

Individual with an extra chromosome of a particular type

42
Q

Monosomic

A

Individual missing one chromosome of a particular type

43
Q

Chromosome Number Abnormalities

A

Disorders caused by duplicating or losing entire chromosomes

44
Q

Meiosis and fertilization produce unique combinations of genetic material by three mechanisms

A

genetic recombination during prophase I, independent assortment during metaphase I, and random fertilization.

45
Q

Sexual genetic variation comes from

A

Crossover, independent assortment, random fertilization

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

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