Test 3: Translation Flashcards
Codon
A three-nucleotide sequence specifying an amino acid
A stop codon terminates __ and releases the __
protein synthesis; polypeptide chain
Start Codon
The codon (AUG) that initiates translation and specifies the amino acid methionine
The reading frame describes the way __ are grouped in sets of __ during __
nucleotides; three; translation
Degeneracy
The concept of multiple codons encoding the same amino acid
Ribosomes are responsible for __, composed of __(2)
protein synthesis; rRNAs and polypeptides
Aminoacyl-tRNA
tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Translation
The process of decoding mRNA to synthesize a polypeptide chain
Peptide Bond
Covalent bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis
tRNA
Transfer RNA molecules that deliver amino acids to the ribosome during translation
Genetic Code
information encoded in genetic material that is translated into proteins
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
Enzymes linking tRNA to correct amino acids
The process of attaching amino acids to tRNA is called?
Charging
The initiation complex is a formation process involving (4)
ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, and factors
Elongation factors supply __ to the __ during __, for binding and translocation
energy; ribosome; translation
Peptidyl transferase
Enzyme catalyzing peptide bond formation
Release Factor
Protein binding to stop codon for translation termination
Signal Sequence
Directs protein to specific cellular compartment
Chaperones
Helper molecules preventing protein aggregation
Formylation
Adding formyl group to methionine in tRNA
Initiator tRNA
Special tRNA starting polypeptide synthesis
Ribosomal Subunits
Structural components of ribosome: 30S, 50S, 40S, 60S
Translation Efficiency
Higher with closer adherence to Kozak’s rules
Protein Folding
Process of forming functional protein structure
Signal-Recognition Proteins
Recognize signal sequences for protein targeting
Chloroplasts
Cellular organelles in plants for photosynthesis
Charged tRNA
tRNA linked to amino acid ready for translation
Elongation Phase
Sequential addition of amino acids to polypeptide chain
Nonsense Codon
Stop codon signaling translation termination
Intramolecular Interactions
Forces shaping protein structure during folding
Initiation Factors
Proteins aiding in translation initiation
Cap-binding Protein
Binds to mRNA cap during eukaryotic translation
