Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1650 > Unit 2: Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cell Signaling Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Signaling

A

communication between cells to coordinate responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steps of cell signaling (5)

A

signal, reception, transduction, response, and termination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ligands

A

A molecule that binds to another specific molecule, in some cases delivering a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Receptors

A

Proteins in target cells that bind specific ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signal Transduction

A

Process of converting extracellular signals into intracellular responses in the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Response

A

Cellular reaction to the signal received

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Termination

A

End of the signaling process to stop the cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of ligands involved in signaling (2)

A

small hydrophobic ligands and water-soluble ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Small Hydrophobic Ligands are __ ligands that __ through the plasma membrane.

A

Lipid-soluble ligands, diffuse (steroid hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Water-Soluble Ligands

A

Polar ligands binding to cell-surface receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of water soluble ligands

A

small molecules, peptides, and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

We can divide receptors into two main classes,

A

intracellular and cell-surface receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

Proteins in the cytoplasm responding to hydrophobic ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When a ligand binds to an intracellular receptor a ___ occurs that exposes a ___. on the protein. The ligand-receptor complex moves into the ___then binds to specific regulatory regions of the chromosomal DNA and promotes the initiation of __.

A

conformational change, DNA-binding site, nucleus, transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intracellular receptors can directly influence gene expression without having to

A

pass the signal on to other receptors or messengers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell-Surface Receptors (transmembrane receptors)

A

Membrane proteins binding external ligands for signal transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Properties of a cell surface receptor (3)

A

extracellular, hydrophobic transmembrane, and intracellular domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Signaling found in multicellular organisms can be divided into three main classes:

A

direct, paracrine, and endocrine signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Direct Signaling

A

Cell communication through direct contact between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Specialized types of direct signaling include (3)

A

juxtacrine, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Juxtacrine Signaling

A

Direct signaling between cells via direct contact between membrane-bound ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Connections between neighboring cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connections in plants between neighboring cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Local signals between nearby cells via diffusion through extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Specialized types of paracrine signaling (2)

A

autocrine and neuronal signaling

26
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

Signals produced by cells binding to released ligands, influencing self or similar cells

27
Q

Neuronal Signaling

A

Transmission of signals between neurons and target cells through synapses

28
Q

synaptic signal

A

a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells.

29
Q

Synaptic signal process

A

Signals within the nerve cells are propagated by fast-moving electrical impulses. When these impulses reach the end of the axon, the signal continues on to a dendrite of the next cell by the release of chemical ligands called neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell (the cell emitting the signal).

30
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Signals from distant endocrine cells affecting target cells via hormones in the bloodstream

31
Q

The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called

A

hormones

32
Q

a signaling molecule that regulates physiology, behavior, or development

A

Hormone

33
Q

Hormone transportation

A

travel the large distances between endocrine cells and their target cells via the bloodstream

34
Q

Why do hormones present in low concentrations

A

they become diluted by the time they reach their target cell, due to their long distance of travel

35
Q

Types of hormones include; (4)

A

amine, peptide, protein, steroid

36
Q

Signal transduction

A

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell

37
Q

When a ligand binds to its receptor, ___ occur that affect the receptor’s intracellular domain

A

conformational changes

38
Q

Signaling Pathway (signaling cascade)

A

Chain of events triggered by receptor activation, leading to cellular changes

39
Q

Methods of intracellular signaling include; (2)

A

phosphorylation and second messengers

40
Q

Second Messengers (2)

A

Enzymes and proteins in a signaling cascade interacting with specific proteins

41
Q

Examples of second messengers

A

calcium ions and cAMP (cyclic AMP)

42
Q

Calcium signaling

A

a calcium ion is a widely used second messenger that regulates various cellular responses

43
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Common modification adding phosphate groups to proteins, often catalyzed by kinases

44
Q

Kinase

A

Enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group

45
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

Removal of a phosphate group from a protein, reversing its activation

46
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Second messenger synthesized from ATP, activating A-kinase

47
Q

Response to signal is determined by

A

external/internal conditions and cell type

48
Q

Common responses to cell signaling include;

A

gene expression, increase in cellular metabolism, cell growth & death, and termination of the signal.

49
Q

Gene expression is regulated by

A

RNA transcription or protein translation by signaling pathways

50
Q

MAPK/ERK Pathway

A

Protein chain signaling from cell surface receptor to nuclear DNA

51
Q

Cell Growth Factors

A

Ligands promoting cell division, binding to RTKs and activating MAP kinase pathway

52
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death mechanism to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells

53
Q

Termination of signal is done by

A

degrading ligands or reversing cellular modifications

54
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A

They carry the cell’s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.

55
Q

nucleic acids are the most important___ for the continuity of life

A

macromolecules

56
Q

Main groups of nucleic acids (2)

A

RNA and DNA

57
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a nucleic acid that is involved in gene expression and regulation

58
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

nucleic acid that stores genetic information in its sequence of nucleotides

59
Q

DNA in eukaryotic cells is not

A

enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle.

60
Q

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes to enable protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

61
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) — are types of RNA involved in

A

protein synthesis and its regulation.

62
Q

specific signal transduction pathway takes place in the__ domain

A

Intracellular

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions