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Biology 1650 > Final Exam: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Final Exam: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Process breaking down glucose to produce ATP

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2
Q

Cellular respiration __ energy from chemical bonds of glucose, making it __.

A

releases; exergonic

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3
Q

reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

Products of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

water and carbon dioxide

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5
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Type of respiration requiring molecular oxygen

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6
Q

Four steps of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

The first three steps of aerobic respiration harvest __ from organic molecules that can be used to power the __

A

high energy electrons; electron transport chain

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8
Q

Glycolysis is the __ step in __ breakdown and is __ meaning it __ use oxygen.

A

First; glucose; anaerobic; does not

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9
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation

A

Step converting 2 pyruvate into 2 acetylCoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

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10
Q

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)

A

Starts with 2 AcetylCoA and produces 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 4 CO2 and 6 NADH

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11
Q

Two phases of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most

A

ATP

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13
Q

Electron Transport Chain maintains the __ for __

A

hydrogen ion gradient; ATP synthase

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14
Q

NADH is a carrier of __ to the __

A

high energy electrons; ETC

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15
Q

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ during

A

electron transport chain

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16
Q

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle

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17
Q

FADH2 is a carrier of __ to the __

A

high energy electrons; ETC

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18
Q

Electron carriers are molecules readily accepting or releasing __

A

electrons (NADH, FADH)

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19
Q

Electron carriers in aerobic, cellular respiration (2)

A

NAD & FAD

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20
Q

NAD+

A

Oxidized & reduced form of NADH, derived from vitamin B3

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21
Q

NADP

A

Variation of NAD with an extra phosphate group

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22
Q

FAD

A

Derived from vitamin B2, riboflavin

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle with double membranes for cellular respiration

24
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

the area enclosed by the inner membrane with lower concentrations of electrons

25
Q

Mitochondria intermembrane space

A

The space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane with higher concentrations of electrons

26
Q

Glycolysis is __ because it does not directly use oxygen as part of its process

A

anaerobic

27
Q

Glycolysis takes place in

A

the cytoplasm of all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

28
Q

Glycolysis Phases

A

Trapping glucose, splitting into pyruvate, and energy extraction

29
Q

Glycolysis begins with the __ and ends with __

A

six-carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule; two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate.

30
Q

The second part of glycolysis extracts energy from the molecules and stores it in the form of __

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

31
Q

Of the 4 ATP molecules, 2 will be used to prepare the __, leaving the cell with a net gain of __ ATP molecules for its use.

A

6 carbon ring for cleavage; 2

32
Q

Pyruvate composition

A

Three-carbon sugar from glycolysis

33
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Respiration without direct oxygen use

34
Q

Fermentation is an __ process that generates __ through the reduction of __

A

anaerobic; ATP; pyruvate

35
Q

The citric acid cycle ends with each of the six carbon rings released as __

A

carbon dioxide

36
Q

High energy electrons are carried by __and___ to the complexes of the __

A

NADH; FADH2; electron transport chain

37
Q

High energy electrons are harvested during (3)

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

38
Q

In mitochondria, pyruvate will be transformed into a __ that will be picked up by a carrier compound called __, which is made from vitamin B5

A

two-carbon acetyl group; coenzyme A (CoA)

39
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a __ compound that picks up the __ from __ to form __

A

carrier; acetyl group; pyruvate; acetyl-CoA.

40
Q

Acetyl-CoA is a __ formed from __ that delivers the __ group to the __ for further glucose catabolism.

A

compound; pyruvate; acetyl; citric acid cycle

41
Q

the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells takes place in the __ of the mitochondria and is a closed loop.

A

matrix

42
Q

The citric acid cycle is considered an aerobic pathway because

A

NADH and FADH2 use oxygen to transfer their electrons to the next pathway in the system

43
Q

Phosphorylation is the formation of __ by transferring a __ group from a __ to __.

A

ATP; phosphate; substrate; ADP

44
Q

What produces ATP (GTP), (2)

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle

45
Q

GTP

A

a molecule that serves as an energy source in cells.

46
Q

FAD+

A

The oxidized form of FADH2, which accepts electrons during cellular respiration.

47
Q

FAD is reduced to FADH2 during which step of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

the citric acid cycle

48
Q

__ carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group, representing __ out of the six carbons of one glucose molecule.

A

2; 4

49
Q

__ carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the citric acid cycle, each turn forming __ NADH and __ FADH molecules.

A

Two; three; one

50
Q

in the citric acid cycle, electron carriers will connect with the last portion of aerobic respiration, the __, to produce ATP molecules. __ ATP (or GTP) is also made in each cycle.

A

electron transport chain; 1

51
Q

Process that generate ATP through the reduction of pyruvate (2)

A

oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

52
Q

How much ATP do we get from aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Approximately 30 ATP

53
Q

How much ATP do we get from anaerobic respiration or fermentation?

A

Approximately three

54
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation starts with __, using them in the electron transport chain with __, and ending with __

A

2 FADH and 10 NADH; 6O2; 12 H2O

55
Q

Summarize the flow of energy in cellular respiration (5)

A

Glucose, NADH, ETC, proton gradient, ATP

56
Q

Phases of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondria (3)

A

Pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

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