Final Exam: Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Cellular Respiration
Process breaking down glucose to produce ATP
Cellular respiration __ energy from chemical bonds of glucose, making it __.
releases; exergonic
reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?
glucose and oxygen
Products of aerobic cellular respiration?
water and carbon dioxide
Aerobic Respiration
Type of respiration requiring molecular oxygen
Four steps of aerobic respiration
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
The first three steps of aerobic respiration harvest __ from organic molecules that can be used to power the __
high energy electrons; electron transport chain
Glycolysis is the __ step in __ breakdown and is __ meaning it __ use oxygen.
First; glucose; anaerobic; does not
Pyruvate Oxidation
Step converting 2 pyruvate into 2 acetylCoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
Starts with 2 AcetylCoA and produces 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 4 CO2 and 6 NADH
Two phases of oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most
ATP
Electron Transport Chain maintains the __ for __
hydrogen ion gradient; ATP synthase
NADH is a carrier of __ to the __
high energy electrons; ETC
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ during
electron transport chain
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle
FADH2 is a carrier of __ to the __
high energy electrons; ETC
Electron carriers are molecules readily accepting or releasing __
electrons (NADH, FADH)
Electron carriers in aerobic, cellular respiration (2)
NAD & FAD
NAD+
Oxidized & reduced form of NADH, derived from vitamin B3
NADP
Variation of NAD with an extra phosphate group
FAD
Derived from vitamin B2, riboflavin
Mitochondria
Organelle with double membranes for cellular respiration
Mitochondrial matrix
the area enclosed by the inner membrane with lower concentrations of electrons
Mitochondria intermembrane space
The space between the inner membrane and the outer membrane with higher concentrations of electrons
Glycolysis is __ because it does not directly use oxygen as part of its process
anaerobic
Glycolysis takes place in
the cytoplasm of all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Glycolysis Phases
Trapping glucose, splitting into pyruvate, and energy extraction
Glycolysis begins with the __ and ends with __
six-carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule; two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvate.
The second part of glycolysis extracts energy from the molecules and stores it in the form of __
4 ATP and 2 NADH
Of the 4 ATP molecules, 2 will be used to prepare the __, leaving the cell with a net gain of __ ATP molecules for its use.
6 carbon ring for cleavage; 2
Pyruvate composition
Three-carbon sugar from glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration without direct oxygen use
Fermentation is an __ process that generates __ through the reduction of __
anaerobic; ATP; pyruvate
The citric acid cycle ends with each of the six carbon rings released as __
carbon dioxide
High energy electrons are carried by __and___ to the complexes of the __
NADH; FADH2; electron transport chain
High energy electrons are harvested during (3)
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
In mitochondria, pyruvate will be transformed into a __ that will be picked up by a carrier compound called __, which is made from vitamin B5
two-carbon acetyl group; coenzyme A (CoA)
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a __ compound that picks up the __ from __ to form __
carrier; acetyl group; pyruvate; acetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA is a __ formed from __ that delivers the __ group to the __ for further glucose catabolism.
compound; pyruvate; acetyl; citric acid cycle
the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells takes place in the __ of the mitochondria and is a closed loop.
matrix
The citric acid cycle is considered an aerobic pathway because
NADH and FADH2 use oxygen to transfer their electrons to the next pathway in the system
Phosphorylation is the formation of __ by transferring a __ group from a __ to __.
ATP; phosphate; substrate; ADP
What produces ATP (GTP), (2)
glycolysis, citric acid cycle
GTP
a molecule that serves as an energy source in cells.
FAD+
The oxidized form of FADH2, which accepts electrons during cellular respiration.
FAD is reduced to FADH2 during which step of aerobic cellular respiration?
the citric acid cycle
__ carbon atoms come into the citric acid cycle from each acetyl group, representing __ out of the six carbons of one glucose molecule.
2; 4
__ carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the citric acid cycle, each turn forming __ NADH and __ FADH molecules.
Two; three; one
in the citric acid cycle, electron carriers will connect with the last portion of aerobic respiration, the __, to produce ATP molecules. __ ATP (or GTP) is also made in each cycle.
electron transport chain; 1
Process that generate ATP through the reduction of pyruvate (2)
oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation
How much ATP do we get from aerobic cellular respiration?
Approximately 30 ATP
How much ATP do we get from anaerobic respiration or fermentation?
Approximately three
Oxidative phosphorylation starts with __, using them in the electron transport chain with __, and ending with __
2 FADH and 10 NADH; 6O2; 12 H2O
Summarize the flow of energy in cellular respiration (5)
Glucose, NADH, ETC, proton gradient, ATP
Phases of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondria (3)
Pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
