Unit 2: Enzymes Flashcards
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that transpire inside cells, including those that use and release energy.
Metabolic Pathways
a specific sequences of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions controlled by the cell
Anabolic Reaction (Pathway)
Pathways that require an input of energy to build larger molecules (synthesize) from smaller ones.
Catabolic Reaction (Pathway)
Pathways that involves breaking down large molecules into smaller ones to release energy. Also called catabolism.
Enzyme
A protein that facilitates or catalyzes chemical reactions inside the cell by lowering activation energy.
Catalyst
A substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate, lowering the reaction’s activation energy and promoting rapid progression.
Active Site
The location within an enzyme where the substrate binds and the chemical reaction takes place.
Induced Fit Model
Current model of enzyme-substrate binding where the enzyme and substrate cause a mild shift in structure to achieve an ideal binding arrangement.
Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy molecule that provides energy for cellular processes.
Biosynthetic Processes
the process by which living things use chemical (anabolic) reactions to create products useful for cellular metabolism.
Substrate
The reactants to which an enzyme binds at the active site, in a chemical reaction.
Transition State
An intermediate state in a chemical reaction where old bonds are breaking and new bonds are forming.
Specificity
The characteristic of enzymes to bind specifically to their substrates due to a match in shape and functional groups.
Optimal Environment
The specific conditions within an enzyme’s active site that promote the best chemical reaction for specific substrates.
Chemical Reaction
A process that involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds to transform substances into new products.
The amino acid “R” group is also called the __ that__ one amino acid from another.
Residue; sets apart
Denature is the process changing __ due to extreme conditions in __ (3).
natural properties; pH, temperature or chemicals.
pH can affect enzyme function by
Denature, altering active site properties
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor blocks substrate binding at the active site
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Inhibitor binds at an allosteric site, blocking substrate binding
Allosteric Inhibition
Binds to an enzyme away from the activation site and changes the conformation of the active site, so the substrate binding is reduced or prevented (decreasing affinity). Non competitive.
Cofactors are ___ binding at the enzymes __; necessary for the enzyme to __.
inorganic substances; active site; function.
Coenzymes are ___ required by many enzymes for __ activity.
Organic molecules; catalytic
Enzyme Compartmentalization
Enzymes housed in different organelles for regulation
Feedback Inhibition is regulation by the __ of the __ pathway, inhibiting __.
end product; biochemical pathway; enzymes
When a word ends in “-ase” we know it is
an enzyme.
