Test 3: Mitosis & Cell Division Flashcards
Cytokinesis
Partitioning cytoplasmic contents into daughter cells
Genome
all of the genetic material of a cell or organism
Binary Fission
Cell division method in prokaryotes with circular chromosomes
Gametes, or sex cells (eggs and sperm) contain __ of __
one set; chromosomes
Diploid
Having two matched sets of chromosomes in a cell
The typical body has __ matched or __ sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent)
two; homologous
Haploid
Having one set of chromosomes in a cell
Homologous Chromosomes
“same knowlege”; Chromosomes from each parent with the same genes (2 chromatids)
Genes are __ units coding for specific __
Chromosomal; proteins
Locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
Cell cycle involves cell _ and _ that produces __ new daughter cells
growth; division; two
Major phases of the cell cycle (2)
interphase and mitotic phase
Interphase
period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis in which the cell grows and DNA is replicated
Subcategories of interphase
G1, S, and G2 phases
G1 Phase
First gap stage of interphase, cell prepares for DNA replication
S Phase
second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs
Steps involved in the S-phase (5)
sister chromatids, centromere, centrosome, centrioles, mitotic spindle
Chromatin
Semi-condensed form of nuclear DNA in interphase
Sister Chromatids
Identical pairs of DNA molecules after replication
Centromere
region at which sister chromatids are bound together
Centrosome
Structure duplicated in S phase, organizes mitotic spindle
Mitotic Spindle
Apparatus that moves chromosomes during mitosis
Centrioles
microtubules that help organize cell division
G2 Phase (6)
Phase for energy replenishment, protein synthesis, chromosomes are relaxed, chromosomes and organelle’s already duplicated, cytoskeleton is dismantled, the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
G0 Phase
Inactive stage where cells exit the cell cycle temporarily or permanently
Mitotic Phase
Process of aligning, separating, and moving duplicated chromosomes; part of the cell cylce
Subcategories of the mitotic phase
mitosis (karyokinesis) and cytokinesis
Karyokinesis (mitosis)
division of the nucleus into two daughter nuclei
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells; starts during anaphase
Phases of Mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (please pass me another treat)
Prophase (4)
the chromosomes begin to condense, the mitotic spindle begins to form, the nuclear envelope begins to fragment, chromatin condenses into duplicated chromosomes.
Prometaphase (3)
the mitotic spindle begins to attach to kinetochores, kinetochores assemble at the centromeres, the chromosomes condense further.
Metaphase
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate with sister chromatids attached
Anaphase (2)
the mitotic spindle depolymerizes, the sister chromatids are pulled apart from one another.
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes form, and mitotic spindles depolymerize
Contractile Ring
Actin filament ring in animal cells aiding in cytokinesis by forming a cleavage furrow
Phragmoplast
Structure in plant cells formed during cytokinesis to guide cell plate formation
The cell plate is formed by __ to __ plant cells
vesicle fusion; divide
Golgi apparatus accumulates __ and __ for cell division
enzymes; structural proteins
Microtubules are __ strands of __ molecules that form a tubelike structure
Spiral; protein
Microtubules are remodeled during cell division to form the __
mitotic spindle
Kinetochores
Attachment points for mitotic spindle during cell division (plates that are on the side of the centromeres)
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers maintaining cell shape and aiding movement
The cytoskeleton is made up of three fibers;
microfilament, intermediate filament, and microtubule
Microfilament
Narrow intertwined actin strands that aid in cellular movement and shape change
Actin
The protein fibers forming microfilaments for cellular movement
Actin is powered by;
ATP
Myosin
Motor protein moving along actin filaments for cellular motion
Intermediate filaments are composed of several stands of __, providing __
fibrous proteins; structural support
Flagella
Long, whip-like structures enabling cell movement
Cilia
Short, hair-like structures moving substances along cell surfaces
How many chromosomes does a human egg cell have?
23
When a cell is metabolizing and NOT in the process of dividing, what is the function of the cytoskeleton (4)
Movement, cell shape, secure some organelles in position, allow cells and vesicles within multicellular organisms to move
How many chromosomes does a human white blood cell have?
46
