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Biology 1650 > Test 3: Transcription > Flashcards

Test 3: Transcription Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Dogma

A

The concept that DNA encodes RNA, and RNA encodes protein, describing the flow of genetic information in cells.

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2
Q

Gene expression is the process of using information from a __ to produce a __ product, such as a protein.

A

gene; functional product

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3
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying DNA to mRNA

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4
Q

Translation is the process where three __ correspond to one __ in the __ sequence during protein synthesis.

A

mRNA nucleotides; amino acid; polypeptide

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5
Q

Promoter is a __ that indicates where __ begins __ a gene

A

DNA sequence; RNA polymerase; transcribing

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6
Q

Template strand is the DNA strand that is used as a template for __ during __.

A

mRNA synthesis; transcription

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7
Q

Transcription Bubble

A

The region where the DNA double helix unwinds during transcription to allow mRNA synthesis.

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8
Q

What is the nucleotide difference between mRNA and DNA?

A

all of the T nucleotides are replaced with U nucleotides

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9
Q

In an RNA double helix, A can bind with U by what bond?

A

2 hydrogen bonds, just like A-T

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10
Q

The DNA of prokaryotes is organized into a

A

circular, double stranded, DNA chromosome

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11
Q

Operons are blocks of __ in __ cells that are transcribed into a single __ and often encode __ with related functions.

A

genes; prokaryotic; mRNA; proteins

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12
Q

Regulatory molecules in prokaryotic cells that can affect the expression of operons (3)

A

activators, inducers, repressors

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13
Q

Repressors

A

Proteins that bind to operator regions and prevent transcription of a gene.

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14
Q

Activators

A

Proteins that bind to an enhancer and increase the transcription of a gene in response to external stimuli.

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15
Q

Inducers

A

Small molecules that activate or repress transcription based on the cell’s needs and substrate availability.

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16
Q

Eukaryotic transcription is the process of transcribing__ in eukaryotes, involving multiple __ (shape)__and extensive __ processing before translation.

A

genes; linear chromosomes; mRNA

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17
Q

Eukaryotes also employ three different polymerases that each transcribe a different subset of genes;

A

RNA polymerase I, II & III

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18
Q

RNA Polymerase II is an __ located in the __ of eukaryotic cells that synthesizes all __ and __.

A

enzyme; nucleus; protein-coding; pre-mRNAs

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19
Q

TATA Box

A

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters

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20
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Proteins that assist RNA polymerase bind to the promoter to initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Types of transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic transcription(2);

A

General (or basal) transcription, specific transcription

22
Q

General (or basal) transcription factors

A

assist RNA polymerase by binding to the promotor

23
Q

Specific transcription regulate when and where __ is produced

A

mRNA

24
Q

Enhancers

A

Regions in eukaryotic genes that bind specific transcription factors and increase transcription.

25
Q

DNA Bending Proteins

A

Proteins that bend DNA to bring enhancer and promoter regions together

26
Q

Preinitiation complex is formed before__, involving __.

A

transcription starts; RNA polymerase

27
Q

Histones

A

protein molecules DNA is coiled around (in chromatin)

28
Q

Chromatin are __ and __ in __ cells when not dividing

A

DNA; proteins; eukaryotic

29
Q

Nucleosomes are __ complexes with 146 __ wound around eight __

A

DNA-histone; nucleotides; histones

30
Q

FACT Complex

A

Protein complex that moves histones during transcription

31
Q

Termination Signals

A

Signals for RNA polymerases I and III to end transcription

32
Q

The three most important steps of pre-mRNA processing are

A

the addition of stabilizing and signaling factors at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, and the removal of the introns.

33
Q

Exons

A

Coding sequences in eukaryotic genes (ex-on:expressed)

34
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding sequences in eukaryotic genes, removed during processing (int-ron:intervening)

35
Q

Each intron is marked with specific nucleotides: GU at the __ end and AG at the __ end of the intron

A

5′; 3′

36
Q

5’ cap is added to 5′ end of __ to __ and aid __.

A

pre-mRNA; protect; translation

37
Q

Poly-A Tail is a String of residues added to __ end of __ for__(2).

A

3′; pre-mRNA; stability and export

38
Q

Splicing

A

Process of removing introns and connecting exons in pre-mRNA

39
Q

Spliceosomes

A

Complexes of proteins and RNA that carry out splicing

40
Q

Transcription Main Steps

A
  1. Initiation (transcription factors help mRNA to attach to the promoter)
  2. Elongation (new RNA transcript strand is build longer)
  3. Termination (RNA polymerase detaches when it gets to the end)
41
Q

5’ & 3’ UTR

A

Untranslated portion of the mRNA

42
Q

The non-template strand is identical to the __ except that __.

A

mRNA; T nucleotides in the DNA are replaced by U nucleotides in the mRNA

43
Q

the following are part of the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) before RNA processing

A

exon, intron, 5’ & 3’ UTR

44
Q

the following are NOT part of the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) before RNA processing

A

promotor, 5’ cap, poly-A-tail

45
Q

RNA nucleotide composition (3)

A

PBS (phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogen containing base (either A, C, G, or U)

46
Q

If three bases are deleted from the coding region of a gene, what will happen? (select all that apply)

A

the reading frame after the deletion will not change; an amino acid will be missing from the polypeptide that is produced

47
Q

If three bases are inserted into the coding region of a gene, what will happen?

A

an extra amino acid will be added to the polypeptide that is produced; the reading frame after the insertion will not change

48
Q

If a mutation changes a gene sequence so that a codon in the mRNA changes from AAG to UAG (stop codon), what will happen?

A

the polypeptide will be terminated early; the mRNA will be the same length as the original mRNA

49
Q

Main molecule for DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

50
Q

Main molecule in translation

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

Main molecule in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

52
Q

What is NOT found in mature mRNA after RNA processing is complete?

A

Everything is there BUT the intron and promoter

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

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