Final Exam: Metabolism Flashcards
Autotrophs
Organisms obtaining carbon from inorganic sources like carbon dioxide.
Heterotrophs Organisms obtaining carbon from __ molecules produced by __.
organic; autotrophs
Photoautotrophs are Plants, algae, and some bacteria using __ for __
sunlight; photosynthesis.
Chemoheterotrophs are __ relying on organic molecules produced by __.
Animals and fungi; autotrophs
Entropy __ with energy loss
increases
Chemical Reactions are the process of transforming __, releasing or using __
molecules; energy.
Light Energy is energy from the sun used by __ for __
photoautotrophs; photosynthesis.
What type of energy is lost during entropy?
heat
Energy Transfer Movement is the energy within or between __.
a system and surroundings
Usable Energy is Energy available to do
work
Chemical energy is stored within __, and used for __ processes.
organic molecules; cellular
Equilibrium does what to entropy?
increases
Diffusion does what to entropy?
increases
Potential Energy is Energy due to the __ or __ (like a suspended wrecking ball)
position, state
Gibbs Free Energy is the __ energy in a chemical reaction after accounting for __
Usable; entropy
Delta G describes the __ in free energy during a chemical reaction
Change
<∆G is both __ and __
exergonic; spontaneous
> ∆G is both a __ and a __ reaction
non-spontaneous Endergonic
Energy coupling links exergonic__ to power cellular work.
ATP hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is ATP breakdown into __ (3) with water.
ADP, Pi, and free energy
Chemiosmosis is the process in mitochondria and chloroplasts producing __.
ATP
Photosynthesis
Conversion of solar energy into glucose for energy storage.
Redox Reactions
Pairs of reactions involving oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons) that occur simultaneously. These reactions are essential in electron transport chains.
Electron Transport Chains is a series of __ reactions involving the transfer of electrons between __.
redox; protein complexes embedded in membranes
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a component of aerobic respiration in __ that uses atmospheric __. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are shuttled through __, releasing __ with each transfer.
mitochondria; oxygen; protein complexes; energy
Chloroplastic Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is a part of photosynthesis in chloroplasts that transforms light energy into (2)
ATP and NADPH.
Chloroplastic ETC involves the buildup of __ in the __ to create a gradient for ATP production.
hydrogen ions; thylakoid lumen
Thermodynamics is the study of __ and its transfer involving __
energy; physical matter
Forms of energy (4)
electric, light, chemical and heat
Sodium-potassium pump is a __ that uses ATP to transport sodium __ of the cell and potassium __ the cell.
cell membrane protein; out; into
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
ATP powers cellular work through
phosphorylation
