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Biology 1650 > Unit 1: Biomolecules > Flashcards

Unit 1: Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Cells are made of complex molecules called

A

macromolecules

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2
Q

The cells most important macromolecules are

A

proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids.

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3
Q

macromolecules are a subset of

A

organic molecules that are especially important for life.

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4
Q

Organic molecules are

A

any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas

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5
Q

The fundamental component for all macromolecules is

A

carbon

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6
Q

Carbon is the most ideal structural component of macromolecules because

A

it can form covalent bonds with up to four different atoms

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7
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen (“carbon backbone”)

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8
Q

hydrocarbons structure may exist as

A

linear or branched carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of these.

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9
Q

The three-dimensional shape of biological macromolecules is critical to

A

how they function.

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10
Q

carbon-to-carbon bonds may be

A

single, double, or triple covalent bonds

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11
Q

Bonds between carbon atoms form

A

hydrocarbon chains

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12
Q

Functional groups are

A

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and have their own specific properties

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13
Q

Where do we find functional groups?

A

attached to the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules.

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14
Q

The carbon backbone is

A

chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with an occasional substitution of an element (such as nitrogen or oxygen)

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15
Q

Each of the four types of macromolecules has its own characteristic set of __ that contributes greatly to its differing chemical properties and its function in living organisms.

A

functional groups

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16
Q

Functional groups play an important role in forming molecules like

A

Nucleic acids (DNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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17
Q

Functional groups are classified as

A

hydrophobic or hydrophilic

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18
Q

a hydrophobic group is

A

nonpolar (does not attract/pull)

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19
Q

a hydrophilic group is

A

polar (does attract/pull)

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20
Q

A carboxyl (-C=O) group is

A

a functional (hydrophilic) group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

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21
Q

Carbonyl C=O groups are

A

a hydrophilic functional group
consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to a partially negatively charged oxygen atom

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22
Q

Two functional, hydrophilic groups are

A

carboxyl and carbonyl

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23
Q

Amino (-NH2) groups are considered a base because

A

They can remove H+ from solutions

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24
Q

Phosphate (PO4 3-) releases H+ in solutions which means it is considered

A

acidic

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25
Q

Hydrogen bonds between functional groups are important because

A

they help macromolecules maintain the appropriate shape for functioning

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26
Q

Biological macromolecules are

A

large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules

27
Q

Macromolecules make up majority of a cell’s

A

dry mass

28
Q

Water makes up majority of a cell’s

A

complete mass

29
Q

Monomers are

A

atoms or small molecules bonded together to make one large molecule (subunit)

30
Q

Polymers

A

a type of macromolecule made from multiple monomers covalently bonded together into chains of repeating subunits

31
Q

When monomers bond to make a polymer, __ are released as a byproduct.

A

water molecules

32
Q

dehydration synthesis means

A

“to put together by losing water”

33
Q

What happens in a dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

hydrogen from one monomer combines with a hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a water molecule. The two monomers then share a covalent bond and make a polymer.

34
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction where water is used to break polymers back into individual monomers

35
Q

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or “sped up,” by

A

specific enzymes (what type of enzyme depends on the type of macromolecule)

36
Q

Dehydration process has longer chains, which __ energy

A

uses

37
Q

hydrolysis has shorter chains, which ___ energy

A

releases

38
Q

When macromolecules are broken down ___ is released to enable cellular activities.

A

energy

39
Q

Animals make ATP by

A

taking in fuel molecules, such as sugars or fats

40
Q

PMC

A

program, metabolism, container

41
Q

-OH is

A

hydroxyl

42
Q

-SH is

A

sufhydrl

43
Q

-PO4 3- is

A

phosphate

44
Q

-COOH or -C=O is

A

carboxyl

—O=C—OH

45
Q

-NH2 is

A

An amino

46
Q

Nucleic acids include

A

RNA & DNA

47
Q

C2H3

A

Methyl

48
Q

Seven main functional groups include (there are 12 total)

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl, sulfhydryl

Functional groups are attached to the carbon backbone of macromolecules

49
Q

Carbohydrate characteristics

A

Simple sugars having many hydroxyl bonds, OH-

50
Q

In the PMC model, the program describes a biomolecule’s

A

Genome (information) and expression (method of reading info). ie. DNA & RNA

51
Q

In the PMC model, Metabolism describes a biomolecule’s

A

reactions that take place in a cell, especially capturing energy and converting it into other resources the cell needs

52
Q

In the PMC model, container describes a biomolecule’s

A

the barier (membrane) to separate the cell from the environment

53
Q

Biomolecule

A

a molecule that is produced by a living organism.

54
Q

fatty acids have a __group and a ___ chain

A

carboxyl group, long carbon chain

55
Q

In Biology, Biomolecule and organic molecules are referred to

A

interchangeably

56
Q

Nucleotide is a

A

nucleic acid monomer

57
Q

Metabolism is carried out by

A

proteins

58
Q

An amino acid is a protein __

A

monomer

59
Q

Molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

Amphipathic (ie. proteins)

60
Q

Nucleic acid (DNA) structures is made from

A

PBS (phosphate, base and sugar)

61
Q

A polyatomic ion is a__ group with a charge

A

functional

62
Q

Amino acids can be identified by (4)

A

central carbon, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino

63
Q

Monosaccharide (CH2O)

A

Monomer of a carb (simple sugar)

64
Q

What is the most important biomolecule in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Proteins

Biology 1650 (24 decks)

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