Unit 1: Biomolecules

Question 1

Cells are made of complex molecules called

Answer 1

macromolecules

Question 2

The cells most important macromolecules are

Answer 2

proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids.

Question 3

macromolecules are a subset of

Answer 3

organic molecules that are especially important for life.

Question 4

Organic molecules are

Answer 4

any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas

Question 5

The fundamental component for all macromolecules is

Answer 5

carbon

Question 6

Carbon is the most ideal structural component of macromolecules because

Answer 6

it can form covalent bonds with up to four different atoms

Question 7

Hydrocarbons

Answer 7

organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen (“carbon backbone”)

Question 8

hydrocarbons structure may exist as

Answer 8

linear or branched carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of these.

Question 9

The three-dimensional shape of biological macromolecules is critical to

Answer 9

how they function.

Question 10

carbon-to-carbon bonds may be

Answer 10

single, double, or triple covalent bonds

Question 11

Bonds between carbon atoms form

Answer 11

hydrocarbon chains

Question 12

Functional groups are

Answer 12

groups of atoms that occur within molecules and have their own specific properties

Question 13

Where do we find functional groups?

Answer 13

attached to the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules.

Question 14

The carbon backbone is

Answer 14

chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with an occasional substitution of an element (such as nitrogen or oxygen)

Question 15

Each of the four types of macromolecules has its own characteristic set of __ that contributes greatly to its differing chemical properties and its function in living organisms.

Answer 15

functional groups

Question 16

Functional groups play an important role in forming molecules like

Answer 16

Nucleic acids (DNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Question 17

Functional groups are classified as

Answer 17

hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Question 18

a hydrophobic group is

Answer 18

nonpolar (does not attract/pull)

Question 19

a hydrophilic group is

Answer 19

polar (does attract/pull)

Question 20

A carboxyl (-C=O) group is

Answer 20

a functional (hydrophilic) group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group.

Question 21

Carbonyl C=O groups are

Answer 21

a hydrophilic functional group
consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to a partially negatively charged oxygen atom

Question 22

Two functional, hydrophilic groups are

Answer 22

carboxyl and carbonyl

Question 23

Amino (-NH2) groups are considered a base because

Answer 23

They can remove H+ from solutions

Question 24

Phosphate (PO4 3-) releases H+ in solutions which means it is considered

Answer 24

acidic

Question 25

Hydrogen bonds between functional groups are important because

Answer 25

they help macromolecules maintain the appropriate shape for functioning

Question 26

Biological macromolecules are

Answer 26

large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules

Question 27

Macromolecules make up majority of a cell’s

Answer 27

dry mass

Question 28

Water makes up majority of a cell's

Answer 28

complete mass

Question 29

Monomers are

Answer 29

atoms or small molecules bonded together to make one large molecule (subunit)

Question 30

Polymers

Answer 30

a type of macromolecule made from multiple monomers covalently bonded together into chains of repeating subunits

Question 31

When monomers bond to make a polymer, __ are released as a byproduct.

Answer 31

water molecules

Question 32

dehydration synthesis means

Answer 32

"to put together by losing water"

Question 33

What happens in a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Answer 33

hydrogen from one monomer combines with a hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a water molecule. The two monomers then share a covalent bond and make a polymer.

Question 34

hydrolysis

Answer 34

a chemical reaction where water is used to break polymers back into individual monomers

Question 35

Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are catalyzed, or “sped up,” by

Answer 35

specific enzymes (what type of enzyme depends on the type of macromolecule)

Question 36

Dehydration process has longer chains, which __ energy

Answer 36

uses

Question 37

hydrolysis has shorter chains, which ___ energy

Answer 37

releases

Question 38

When macromolecules are broken down ___ is released to enable cellular activities.

Answer 38

energy

Question 39

Animals make ATP by

Answer 39

taking in fuel molecules, such as sugars or fats

Question 40

PMC

Answer 40

program, metabolism, container

Question 41

-OH is

Answer 41

hydroxyl

Question 42

-SH is

Answer 42

sufhydrl

Question 43

-PO4 3- is

Answer 43

phosphate

Question 44

-COOH or -C=O is

Answer 44

carboxyl —O=C—OH

Question 45

-NH2 is

Answer 45

An amino

Question 46

Nucleic acids include

Answer 46

RNA & DNA

Question 47

C2H3

Answer 47

Methyl

Question 48

Seven main functional groups include (there are 12 total)

Answer 48

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, methyl, sulfhydryl Functional groups are attached to the carbon backbone of macromolecules

Question 49

Carbohydrate characteristics

Answer 49

Simple sugars having many hydroxyl bonds, OH-

Question 50

In the PMC model, the program describes a biomolecule's

Answer 50

Genome (information) and expression (method of reading info). ie. DNA & RNA

Question 51

In the PMC model, Metabolism describes a biomolecule's

Answer 51

reactions that take place in a cell, especially capturing energy and converting it into other resources the cell needs

Question 52

In the PMC model, container describes a biomolecule's

Answer 52

the barier (membrane) to separate the cell from the environment

Question 53

Biomolecule

Answer 53

a molecule that is produced by a living organism.

Question 54

fatty acids have a __group and a ___ chain

Answer 54

carboxyl group, long carbon chain

Question 55

In Biology, Biomolecule and organic molecules are referred to

Answer 55

interchangeably

Question 56

Nucleotide is a

Answer 56

nucleic acid monomer

Question 57

Metabolism is carried out by

Answer 57

proteins

Question 58

An amino acid is a protein __

Answer 58

monomer

Question 59

Molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Answer 59

Amphipathic (ie. proteins)

Question 60

Nucleic acid (DNA) structures is made from

Answer 60

PBS (phosphate, base and sugar)

Question 61

A polyatomic ion is a__ group with a charge

Answer 61

functional

Question 62

Amino acids can be identified by (4)

Answer 62

central carbon, carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino

Question 63

Monosaccharide (CH2O)

Answer 63

Monomer of a carb (simple sugar)

Question 64

What is the most important biomolecule in maintaining homeostasis?

Answer 64

Proteins