Unit 2: Immunopharmacology Flashcards
If a patient is chronically immunosuppressed, they will be at risk for…
Opportunistic infections
Immunopharmacology
Study of drugs used to modulate immune response
Immune suppressing drugs are primarily used in treatment of …
Autoimmune diseases and patients with organ transplants
How do WBCs know how to find bacteria?
Chemokines
What do bacteria release that attracts WBCs?
Cytokines
NK cells are…
Natural killer cells
Type I Hypersensitivity is _____ mediated
IgE-mediated
After encountering an antigen, how quickly does a type I hypersensitivity reaction occur?
Within minutes
Cross-linking in a type I hypersensitivity reaction causes what?
Degranulation of cells and release of histamine, leukotrines, and eosinophil chemotactic factor
Anaphylaxis is what kind of reaction?
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?
IgM or IgG immunoglobulins
Name some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions
Blood transfusion
Rh- mom carrying Rh+ baby and no Rhogam given —> Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Type III Hypersensitivity happens when…
There are elevated levels of antigen-antibody complexes in circulation that deposit in basement membranes in tissues and vessels
Ultimately, type III Hypersensitivity can cause what to the kidneys?
Glomeruloneohritis
How long does it take for symptoms to appear after a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?
3-4 days
Type IV Hypersensitivity occurs how long after exposure to an antigen?
24-48 hours
DTH =
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV hypersensitivity)
Name 2 Calcineurin Inhibitors
Cyclosporine
Tacrolimus
What kind of drug is tacrolimus?
Immunosuppressant macrolide antibiotic
What is tacrolimus ointment used for?
Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
If someone is on a proliferation signal inhibitor, what are the implications?
Increased risk for opportunistic infections
What is mycophenolate mofetil used for?
Immunosuppression
Why was thalidomide encouraged and later withdrawn from the market in the 1960s?
A sedative
Teratogenic when used in pregnancy
What is thalidomide used for now?
Immunosuppression
Treatment of multiple myeloma, leprosy, SLE (lupus), etc.
What other class of drugs is used in immunosuppression?
Cytotoxic agents
Name 2 immunosuppressive antibodies…
IVIG (intravenous immune globulin)
Rhogam
What kind of drug is Tocilizumab?
Monoclonal antibody
Tocilizumab cannot be given if …?
The patient has another inflammatory process occurring
What other kind of treatment is being considered for COVID-19 (besides HCQ, Tocilizumab, and remdesivir)?
IL-6 (interleukin-6) blockade
Epinephrine opposes ______
Histamine
Name some drugs used to treat immediate allergy
Epinephrine Prednisone Antihistamines Glucocorticoids Inhibition of leukoytrienes
Hyposensitization is also known as …
Desensitization
Process for desensitization
— Done under medical supervision
— Small dose
— Increasing doses until therapeutic range reached
— Must be done where epinephrine available in case anaphylaxis occurs
What are some of the primary drugs that cause Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome?
Sulfa antibiotics
SCENARIO: pathogen invades. Inflammatory response begins. GOAL: attract macrophages to the area
QUESTION: proteins facilitate this process by coating bacteria, laying them, and assisting in destruction. These proteins are known as …?
Complement proteins
Which immunosuppressive agent works by inhibiting T- and B-lymphocyte responses, and is also used in solid organ transplant patients in combination with prednisone for those who do not tolerate cyclosporine other tacrolimus?
Mycophenolate mofetil
SCENARIO: Hyperimmune immunoglobulins are harvested from donors, either human or animal donors, who have high titers of antibodies against particular viruses or toxins.
QUESTION: For what diseases can this be done?
Rabies
Tetanus
Snake bite
OTHERS…add more
Sometimes the human immune system will launch an inappropriate attack against heathy, normal cells. This damage may include which of the following:
A. Extensive tissue damage B. Immunodeficiency C. Improved resistance to infections D. All of the above E. A and B
A and B
Extensive tissue damage AND immunodeficiency
**provide examples of both
