Unit 2: Immunopharmacology

Question 1

If a patient is chronically immunosuppressed, they will be at risk for…

Answer 1

Opportunistic infections

Question 2

Immunopharmacology

Answer 2

Study of drugs used to modulate immune response

Question 3

Immune suppressing drugs are primarily used in treatment of …

Answer 3

Autoimmune diseases and patients with organ transplants

Question 4

How do WBCs know how to find bacteria?

Answer 4

Chemokines

Question 5

What do bacteria release that attracts WBCs?

Answer 5

Cytokines

Question 6

NK cells are…

Answer 6

Natural killer cells

Question 7

Type I Hypersensitivity is _____ mediated

Answer 7

IgE-mediated

Question 8

After encountering an antigen, how quickly does a type I hypersensitivity reaction occur?

Answer 8

Within minutes

Question 9

Cross-linking in a type I hypersensitivity reaction causes what?

Answer 9

Degranulation of cells and release of histamine, leukotrines, and eosinophil chemotactic factor

Question 10

Anaphylaxis is what kind of reaction?

Answer 10

Type I hypersensitivity

Question 11

Type II Hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

Answer 11

IgM or IgG immunoglobulins

Question 12

Name some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 12

Blood transfusion

Rh- mom carrying Rh+ baby and no Rhogam given —> Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 13

Type III Hypersensitivity happens when…

Answer 13

There are elevated levels of antigen-antibody complexes in circulation that deposit in basement membranes in tissues and vessels

Question 14

Ultimately, type III Hypersensitivity can cause what to the kidneys?

Answer 14

Glomeruloneohritis

Question 15

How long does it take for symptoms to appear after a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 15

3-4 days

Question 16

Type IV Hypersensitivity occurs how long after exposure to an antigen?

Answer 16

24-48 hours

Question 17

DTH =

Answer 17

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV hypersensitivity)

Question 18

Name 2 Calcineurin Inhibitors

Answer 18

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

Question 19

What kind of drug is tacrolimus?

Answer 19

Immunosuppressant macrolide antibiotic

Question 20

What is tacrolimus ointment used for?

Answer 20

Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

Question 21

If someone is on a proliferation signal inhibitor, what are the implications?

Answer 21

Increased risk for opportunistic infections

Question 22

What is mycophenolate mofetil used for?

Answer 22

Immunosuppression

Question 23

Why was thalidomide encouraged and later withdrawn from the market in the 1960s?

Answer 23

A sedative

Teratogenic when used in pregnancy

Question 24

What is thalidomide used for now?

Answer 24

Immunosuppression

Treatment of multiple myeloma, leprosy, SLE (lupus), etc.

Question 25

What other class of drugs is used in immunosuppression?

Answer 25

Cytotoxic agents

Question 26

Name 2 immunosuppressive antibodies...

Answer 26

IVIG (intravenous immune globulin) | Rhogam

Question 27

What kind of drug is Tocilizumab?

Answer 27

Monoclonal antibody

Question 28

Tocilizumab cannot be given if ...?

Answer 28

The patient has another inflammatory process occurring

Question 29

What other kind of treatment is being considered for COVID-19 (besides HCQ, Tocilizumab, and remdesivir)?

Answer 29

IL-6 (interleukin-6) blockade

Question 30

Epinephrine opposes ______

Answer 30

Histamine

Question 31

Name some drugs used to treat immediate allergy

Answer 31

``` Epinephrine Prednisone Antihistamines Glucocorticoids Inhibition of leukoytrienes ```

Question 32

Hyposensitization is also known as ...

Answer 32

Desensitization

Question 33

Process for desensitization

Answer 33

— Done under medical supervision — Small dose — Increasing doses until therapeutic range reached — Must be done where epinephrine available in case anaphylaxis occurs

Question 34

What are some of the primary drugs that cause Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome?

Answer 34

Sulfa antibiotics

Question 35

SCENARIO: pathogen invades. Inflammatory response begins. GOAL: attract macrophages to the area QUESTION: proteins facilitate this process by coating bacteria, laying them, and assisting in destruction. These proteins are known as ...?

Answer 35

Complement proteins

Question 36

Which immunosuppressive agent works by inhibiting T- and B-lymphocyte responses, and is also used in solid organ transplant patients in combination with prednisone for those who do not tolerate cyclosporine other tacrolimus?

Answer 36

Mycophenolate mofetil

Question 37

SCENARIO: Hyperimmune immunoglobulins are harvested from donors, either human or animal donors, who have high titers of antibodies against particular viruses or toxins. QUESTION: For what diseases can this be done?

Answer 37

Rabies Tetanus Snake bite OTHERS...add more

Question 38

Sometimes the human immune system will launch an inappropriate attack against heathy, normal cells. This damage may include which of the following: ``` A. Extensive tissue damage B. Immunodeficiency C. Improved resistance to infections D. All of the above E. A and B ```

Answer 38

A and B Extensive tissue damage AND immunodeficiency **provide examples of both