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NURS 804: Pharmacology > Unit 2: Immunopharmacology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Immunopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

If a patient is chronically immunosuppressed, they will be at risk for…

A

Opportunistic infections

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2
Q

Immunopharmacology

A

Study of drugs used to modulate immune response

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3
Q

Immune suppressing drugs are primarily used in treatment of …

A

Autoimmune diseases and patients with organ transplants

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4
Q

How do WBCs know how to find bacteria?

A

Chemokines

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5
Q

What do bacteria release that attracts WBCs?

A

Cytokines

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6
Q

NK cells are…

A

Natural killer cells

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7
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity is _____ mediated

A

IgE-mediated

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8
Q

After encountering an antigen, how quickly does a type I hypersensitivity reaction occur?

A

Within minutes

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9
Q

Cross-linking in a type I hypersensitivity reaction causes what?

A

Degranulation of cells and release of histamine, leukotrines, and eosinophil chemotactic factor

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10
Q

Anaphylaxis is what kind of reaction?

A

Type I hypersensitivity

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11
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by what?

A

IgM or IgG immunoglobulins

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12
Q

Name some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions

A

Blood transfusion

Rh- mom carrying Rh+ baby and no Rhogam given —> Hemolytic disease of the newborn

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13
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity happens when…

A

There are elevated levels of antigen-antibody complexes in circulation that deposit in basement membranes in tissues and vessels

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14
Q

Ultimately, type III Hypersensitivity can cause what to the kidneys?

A

Glomeruloneohritis

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15
Q

How long does it take for symptoms to appear after a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?

A

3-4 days

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16
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity occurs how long after exposure to an antigen?

A

24-48 hours

17
Q

DTH =

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV hypersensitivity)

18
Q

Name 2 Calcineurin Inhibitors

A

Cyclosporine

Tacrolimus

19
Q

What kind of drug is tacrolimus?

A

Immunosuppressant macrolide antibiotic

20
Q

What is tacrolimus ointment used for?

A

Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis

21
Q

If someone is on a proliferation signal inhibitor, what are the implications?

A

Increased risk for opportunistic infections

22
Q

What is mycophenolate mofetil used for?

A

Immunosuppression

23
Q

Why was thalidomide encouraged and later withdrawn from the market in the 1960s?

A

A sedative

Teratogenic when used in pregnancy

24
Q

What is thalidomide used for now?

A

Immunosuppression

Treatment of multiple myeloma, leprosy, SLE (lupus), etc.

25
Q

What other class of drugs is used in immunosuppression?

A

Cytotoxic agents

26
Q

Name 2 immunosuppressive antibodies…

A

IVIG (intravenous immune globulin)

Rhogam

27
Q

What kind of drug is Tocilizumab?

A

Monoclonal antibody

28
Q

Tocilizumab cannot be given if …?

A

The patient has another inflammatory process occurring

29
Q

What other kind of treatment is being considered for COVID-19 (besides HCQ, Tocilizumab, and remdesivir)?

A

IL-6 (interleukin-6) blockade

30
Q

Epinephrine opposes ______

A

Histamine

31
Q

Name some drugs used to treat immediate allergy

A 
Epinephrine
Prednisone
Antihistamines 
Glucocorticoids
Inhibition of leukoytrienes
32
Q

Hyposensitization is also known as …

A

Desensitization

33
Q

Process for desensitization

A

— Done under medical supervision
— Small dose
— Increasing doses until therapeutic range reached
— Must be done where epinephrine available in case anaphylaxis occurs

34
Q

What are some of the primary drugs that cause Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome?

A

Sulfa antibiotics

35
Q

SCENARIO: pathogen invades. Inflammatory response begins. GOAL: attract macrophages to the area

QUESTION: proteins facilitate this process by coating bacteria, laying them, and assisting in destruction. These proteins are known as …?

A

Complement proteins

36
Q

Which immunosuppressive agent works by inhibiting T- and B-lymphocyte responses, and is also used in solid organ transplant patients in combination with prednisone for those who do not tolerate cyclosporine other tacrolimus?

A

Mycophenolate mofetil

37
Q

SCENARIO: Hyperimmune immunoglobulins are harvested from donors, either human or animal donors, who have high titers of antibodies against particular viruses or toxins.

QUESTION: For what diseases can this be done?

A

Rabies
Tetanus
Snake bite
OTHERS…add more

38
Q

Sometimes the human immune system will launch an inappropriate attack against heathy, normal cells. This damage may include which of the following:

A. Extensive tissue damage
B. Immunodeficiency 
C. Improved resistance to infections 
D. All of the above
E. A and B
A

A and B
Extensive tissue damage AND immunodeficiency

**provide examples of both

NURS 804: Pharmacology (42 decks)

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