UNIT 1 - NATURE & NURTURE | FACTORS Flashcards
define nature
the influence of innate/inherited features of development from their parents, the assumptions that children and genetically pre programmed
define nurture
the influence of the environment and nurturing. experiences can help shape characteristics.
define nature and nurture occurring together
refer to piaget - cognitive development which is nature (innate) can be developed much quicker and help them develop through nurture (their environment)
an individuals genetic predisposition (nature) can be triggered by…
their environment and life experiences (nurture)
what is the stress-diathesis model?
it explains how both nature and nurture play a part in the development of psychological disorders.
explain how diathesis leading to psychological disorders (nature)
a predisposition or vulnerability to mental disorders due to abnormality of the brain or neurotransmitters (genetic/ biological factors)
explain how stress leading to psychological disorders (nurture)
traumatic events in a persons life, e,g relationships, abuse etc (environmental factors)
define genes
sets of instructions to the cells that determine growth and development where individuals inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes from each from each parent
define defective genes
abnormal genes that can cause the likelihood of genetically inherited conditions (if its recessive or dominant)
define dominant gene
a gene that only has to be passed down by one parent to the child in order for the child to develop the condition e.g. Huntington disease, brittle bone disease.
define recessive gene
a gene that has to be passed down by both parents for the child to develop the condition e.g. cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria
if only one recessive gene is passed down by one parent, what happens to the child?
the child becomes a ‘carrier’, doesn’t suffer from the condition
name three conditions caused by the abnormality in chromosomes
downs syndrome
colour blindness
kilnefelter syndrome
what is downs syndrome
individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 21, causes growth delay, intellectual disability and characteristic facial features.
what is kilnefelter syndrome
where boys have an extra ‘X’ chromosome which causes during or a delay in puberty
what is colour blindness
caused by mutations in the ‘X’ chromosome makes it difficult to distinguish between colours.
define genetic susceptibility
increase likelihood of developing a disease due to the genetic makeup of a person e.g can lead to cancer, diabetes, high blood cholesterol
what other factors can affect disease
- environmental factors
- lifestyle
- life events
- availability of preventative treatment
define condition
an abnormal state of health that impacts the well being of a person
define disease
a disorder of the function or structure of the body
name poor lifestyle factors that can affect an unborn child
biological factors
if the mother:
has poor diet, drug or alcohol use, smokes
what are the effects of poor lifestyle factors on the unborn child?
(biological factors)
- low birth weight
- long term health problems
- learning disabilities, development delay
- congenital defects ( defects in the development of the foetus)
biological factors are those that…
affect the development of a living organism
maternal infections can cause…
health problems
congenital defects
still birth
miscarriage
name two maternal infections
rubella or (CMV)
what is foetal alcohol syndrome?
where the unborn baby is exposed to alcohol in the womb, it can cause symptoms such as:
small head circumference
neurological problems
abnormal growth & facial abnormalities
development delay
what are congenital anomalies?
defects or anomalies in the developing foetus, these anomalies can be detected before, during or after birth
what are the factors contributing to congenital anomalies
- genetic. e.g. downs syndrome
- nutritional, e.g. deficiency in folate
- infections, e.g. rubella
- environmental, e.g. exposure to drugs, alcohol, radiation
what factors affect human growth and development?
- inherited
- environmental
- economic
- social
- biological
- life events
what conditions could be caused due to pollution?
- respiratory disorders, e.g. asthma, lung cancer, bronchitis
- cardiovascular problems, e.g. heart attack, artery blockage
- allergies, e.g. wheezing, rashes, anaphylactic shock
what health problems can poor ventilation/ damp and mould lead to?
respiratory disorder
what health problems can overcrowding lead to?
anxiety/ depression
what health problems can poor sanitation lead to?
risk of infection
what health problems could lack of outdoor space lead to?
cardiovascular disease
what health problems could inadequate heating lead to?
hypothermia
whoch people are more at risk due to pollution
people with existing respiratory disorders, infants and the elderly
