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Health & Social Revision Guide (Not fully completed) > UNIT 1 - AGEING > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - AGEING Flashcards

1
Q

What are the changes in the heart when ageing?

A

1- heart may increase in size, which makes the heart wall to thicken, making it more difficult for the heart muscles to relax and will fill with blood between beats.
2- artery walls narrow due to clogging by fats called cholesterol, prevents blood from passing easily
3- pacemaker cells decrease which causes problems to the rhythm of the heart
4- valves inside the heart that control the blood become thicker and stiffer.

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2
Q

what can the changed of the heart due to ageing increase the likelihood of?

A
  • angina
  • hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • stroke
  • heart attack
  • heart failure
  • heart murmurs
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3
Q

what health factors can make heart disease worse?

A
  • genetic inheritance
  • obesity
  • high blood pressure
  • high blood cholesterol
  • diabetes
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4
Q

what lifestyle factors can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • high salt intake/ saturated fat intake
  • lack of exercise
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5
Q

what are the negative effects of cardiovascular disease in later life?

A
  • loss of independence
  • reduces mobility
  • anxiety regarding health
  • depression
  • anger, frustration etc
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6
Q

what are the positive effects of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • closer relationship with family members and friends

- choosing to improve lifestyle because of this

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7
Q

what does degeneration of the nervous tissue cause?

A
  • decline in short term memory
  • reduction in reflexes and movement
  • increase in time taken to react
  • decline in verbal capacity
  • difficulty in receiving and processing informative
  • effects on senses
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8
Q

what type of disease is Parkinson disease?

A

a degenerative disease (caused by loss of structure of neurons of the brain that control movement)

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9
Q

what is the average age for the onset of Parkinson disease?

A

60

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10
Q

what does the area substantia nigra do in the brain?

A

produces dopamine cells

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11
Q

explain what is Parkinson’s disease

A
  • affects the neurons in the area of the brain called the substantia nigra
  • as the neurons die the production of dopamine decreases
  • dopamine sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination
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12
Q

what are the physical effects of Parkinson disease?

A
  • tremor: uncontrollable shaking beginning in the hand and arm
  • mobility: slowness of movement and muscle stiffness
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13
Q

what are the cognitive effects of Parkinson disease?

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • impairment in thinking and problem solving
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14
Q

what are senses for?

A

senses help individuals receive information from the environment

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15
Q

how does ageing affect taste?

A
  • number of taste buds and saliva decreases, decreasing the enjoyment of food, leads to poor diet
  • ability of smell decreases therefore cant smell harmful odors or food that has gone bad
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16
Q

how does ageing affect touch?

A

decrease in number of receptor cells leads to:

  • reduces sensitivity to temp, could lead to hypothermia, frostbite burns etc
  • reduces sensitivity to injury, can lead to untreated sores, ulcers
  • increased sensitivity to touch, can increase bruising
  • skin becoming more sensitive to the sun, can lead to sunburn or skin cancer
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17
Q

how does ageing affect sight?

A
  • visions become less sharp, eye muscles also weaken
  • cataracts develop causing cloudiness in vision
  • the vitreous in the eye starts to shrink, causing floaters
  • peripheral vision deteriorates
  • pupils react more slowly in bright light or darkness
  • increase risk in AMD, causes gradual loss of sight
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18
Q

what is AMD?

A

Age related macular degeneration

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19
Q

what is the vitreous in the eye?

A

a gel like substance

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20
Q

how does ageing affect hearing?

A
  • fluid filled tubes in the ear becomes affected causing dizziness and falls, this fluid helps to maintain balance
  • ability to hear high frequency sounds deteriorates
  • distinguishing between sounds is more difficult
  • tinnitus is experiences due to build up of wax or damage to the ear
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21
Q

what is tinnitus?

A

a persistent noise in the ear (in older people as they age)

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22
Q

what are some social and emotional effects of degeneration of the sens organs?

A
  • loss of independence
  • difficulty in taking part in leisure activities
  • anxiety, depression, isolation, low self image
  • difficulty is taking part in conversation
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23
Q

what are the two common physical effects on older age?

A

osteoarthritis and reduction in the absorption of nutrition

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24
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

physical effects:

  • swelling and pain in joints
  • damage to the soft tissue around joints
  • difficulty in walking and in climbing stairs
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25
Q

explain how a knee joint is when affected by osteoarthritis (example)

A
  • thinning and roughing of the joint cartilage, leaving cartilage fragments
  • cony outgrow called spurs
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26
Q

in ageing, why is the absorption of nutrition less efficient?

A
  • reduced production of gastric hydrochloric acid, prevents the breakdown of protein, fats and carbs
  • deterioration of the digestive organs and digestive lining
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27
Q

why do older people have an increased risk of dehydration?

A

their sensation of thirst decreases, which affects their organs and digestive system

28
Q

explain the physical effects of illnesses

A
  • body is less able to fight of infections
  • reduce stamina
  • loss in mobility
  • cause pain and discomfort
  • impacting senses
  • affect vision, cause dizziness that can lead to fall
29
Q

explain the intellectual effects of illnesses

A
  • cause short term memory loss
  • affect decision making skills
  • slow the ability to react and respond to information
  • cause difficulty in verbal communication
30
Q

explain the social effects of illnesses

A
  • reduce the opportunity and ability to socialise with friends
  • impact on senses or neural capacity, making socialising difficult
  • affect ability to communicate in groups
31
Q

explain the social emotional of illnesses

A
  • emotional distress, e.g. communication difficulties
  • dependent on others for personal care
  • feelings of lack of control, low self esteem
  • bring families closer
32
Q

name lifestyle choices that can improve the impact of ill health

A
  • healthy diet: provide correct nutrition, maintains healthy weight to reduce stress from heart and other organs
  • exercise: keep the joints mobile, maintains muscle and strength, keeps the heart healthy
  • drugs: medications that is prescribed correctly should control illness, not smoking reduces the impact of age related disease
33
Q

name lifestyle choices that can negatively affect the impact of ill health

A

-taking recreational drugs can negatively affect intellectual development and development

34
Q

list some social changes

A
  • loss of job and status
  • losing own home
  • death of partner/friend
  • reduced access to social network
  • loss of independence
  • reduced mobility/fitness
35
Q

research by Age UK has shown that in 2016…

A

29% of retired people did not have financial concerns
26% said they were just getting by
14% were living in poverty
this shows that over half of the ageing population do have financial problems

36
Q

the research from age uk suggests that…

A

for older people there are:

  • less opportunity to socialise
  • less money to buy food, pay for adequate heating
  • worry and stress
37
Q

36% of people over 65…

A

live alone

38
Q

to help reduce the feeling of loneliness and dependence, older people can…

A

by taking advantage of free bus travel or continuing to drive

39
Q

health, employment, and financial security are essential for high self esteem, if these things are lost an individual can feel…

A

-no longer useful, independent
-financially insecure, adding stress and worry for themselves
this reduces self esteem

40
Q

culture, religion and belief have a positive effect to ageing because…

A
  • less isolated as they are part of a group, community
  • belief helps people to make sense of their ageing and come to terms with their morality
  • some cultures and beliefs place more value on older people
41
Q

why is provision for older people needed?

A
  • loss of independence/mobility
  • prevention or slowing down of age related diseases/isolation
  • safety, they are at higher risk of injury/falls
  • age related disease
42
Q

what type of provision is available for the older?

A
  • acute care
  • healthcare
  • social care
  • community equipment
  • psychological care
  • benefits and entitlement
  • end of life care
43
Q

define acute care

A

meeting immediate health needs, such as heart attacks, broken hips

44
Q

define healthcare

A
  • medication
  • support for long term conditions
  • palliative care
  • continence care
  • specialist nursing/units
45
Q

define social care

A

-own home
-day care or residential
-assessing needs
supporting independence
-personal care
-day to day care
-respite care

46
Q

define community equipment

A

keeping people mobile and independent in their own home e.g. mobility aids, aids for daily living

47
Q

define psychological care

A

counselors, mental health nursing

48
Q

define benefits and entitlements

A
  • adaptations to home
  • transport to and from appointments
  • financial support
49
Q

define end of life care

A

-pain relief, psychological support

50
Q

what are some provision to help maintain the health of the elderly

A

-influenza immunization
-winter fuel/cold weather payments
-health monitoring and screening
-provision of social and leisure activities
occupational therapy, rehabilitation after stay in hospital

51
Q

formal and informal services are integrated to…

A

provide a holistic care package

52
Q

what are the examples of holistic care package

A

formal healthcare: statutory, private voluntary

informal health care: provided by family, community or religious groups

53
Q

why might older people need different services to work together?

A

to assess and provide for their health and care needs

54
Q

define the ageing process

A

natural deterioration of the body

55
Q

describe the effects of ageing

A

1) reduction in vision and hearing
2) loss of muscle, loss of stamina, decrease in strength
3) less mobility in muscles
4) higher chances of infection and diseases

56
Q

what are the rates of life expectancy?

A

they have increased each decade and the birth rate has fallen. which means there are more older people.

57
Q

life expectancy rates now is…

A
  1. 2 years for males

83. 3 years for females

58
Q

one in three babies born today will…

A

reach 100 years of age

59
Q

the old age dependency has…

A

risen

60
Q

what is the old age dependency?

A

describes the ratio of people over the age of 65 to the number of people of working age which are the ages between 16 and 64.
to which there are more ageing people that working people

61
Q

what are the health and welfare impacts of percentage rises in older people on the economy?

A

high demand and increase costs if it is risen, older people already use more health and care services

62
Q

what are the pension costs impacts of percentage rises in older people on the economy?

A

more people receive a state pension, leaving less money for economic investment.

63
Q

what are the employments impacts of percentage rises in older people on the economy?

A

more retired people means a shortage of skilled workers.

changes to working patterns as older people work part time

64
Q

what are the housing impacts of percentage rises in older people on the economy?

A

more retirement homes and sheltered housing are required

people stay in their own homes so fewer larger homes are available for larger families

65
Q

how has the government responded to the impact of ageing?

A
  • raising the retirement age
  • making it easier for older people to stay in work
  • encouraging people in work to take out private pensions
  • increasing taxes to pay for state pensions and welfare
66
Q

how can ageing put pressure on services?

A
  • advances in medicine that help people live longer
  • families being unable to care can put pressure
  • increase in the numbers of older people with chronic conditions

Health & Social Revision Guide (Not fully completed) (27 decks)

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