Understanding Space and Number

Question 1

What is spatial perception?

Answer 1

objects and their orientations, distances, shapes, spatial relationships

Question 2

What is spatial cognition?

Answer 2

navigation, mental rotation

Question 3

What enhances spatial coding in infants?

Answer 3

self-produced locomotion

Question 4

What are the two frames of reference for spatial coding?

Answer 4

egocentric and allocentric

Question 5

What is the egocentric coding?

Answer 5

Viewer-dependent coding; Coding relative to oneself

Question 6

What is allocentric coding?

Answer 6

Viewer-independent coding; coding relative to external features of the environment

Question 7

Locomotor experience facilitates coding relative to ___ _____ (_______ coding).

Answer 7

Locomotor experience facilitates coding relative to THE WORLD (ALLOCENTRIC coding).

Question 8

The ___ ____ ___ shows limitations in children’s perspective-taking.

Answer 8

The THREE MOUNTAINS TASK shows limitations in children’s perspective-taking.

Question 9

How do 4, 6, and 7/8 year olds respond to the three mountains task?

Answer 9

4 year olds choose their own view, 6 year olds choose a different view, and 7-8 year olds are successful

Question 10

What are Piaget’s sequence of developmental stages (in order)

Answer 10

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 11

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 11

Develops awareness of space

Question 12

What happens in the preoperational stage?

Answer 12

Develops symbolic representations, ability to use spatial language

Question 13

What happens in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 13

Can mentally transform spatial representations

Question 14

What happens in the formal operational stage?

Answer 14

Abstract reasoning and logical thinking about space

Question 15

What are the traits of egocentric thinking?

Answer 15

response learning and dead reckoning

Question 16

What are the two traits of allocentric thinking?

Answer 16

cue learning and place learning

Question 17

What is response learning?

Answer 17

Learning what movement to do to grab an item

Question 18

What is cue learning?

Answer 18

Learning where an object is

Question 19

What is dead-reckoning?

Answer 19

Always updating a “homing” signal by keeping track of your movements relative to a known position

Question 20

What is place learning?

Answer 20

Knowing that an object is “10 inches from the left edge of the sandbox”

Question 21

What is the sandbox task?

Answer 21

16 to 36 month olds watched an experimenter bury a toy in the sandbox; children broke fixation and sometimes walked to the other side of the sandbox before searching; external cues were either present or covered with a curtain

Question 22

What was the result of the sandbox task?

Answer 22

Without moving, children often were successful at finding the object, demonstrating place coding

Question 23

At what age do external cues enhance performance in the sandbox test?

Answer 23

22 months

Question 24

What is numerical perception?

Answer 24

Understanding of quantity and equality

Question 25

What is numerical cognition?

Answer 25

Counting, numerical operations, and abstract mathematical thinking

Question 26

What is the most basic numerical understanding?

Answer 26

Numerical equality

Question 27

At what age do infants start to have a sense of equality (for only sets of 1, 2, or 3 objects)? What other numerical concepts do they have a sense of?

Answer 27

5 months; Approximate sense of larger numbers and basic addition

Question 28

What are the five counting principles children begin to recognized in preschool?

Answer 28

one-one correspondence, stable order, cardinality, order irrelevance, abstractions

Question 29

By what age can most kids count to 10?

Answer 29

3 y.o

Question 30

What is the general theory of magnitude representation claim?

Answer 30

Representations of space, time, and number are intertwined.