Actions and Learning

Question 1

When do fetuses start to move?

Answer 1

5-6 weeks

Question 2

What motor behaviors are observed in utero?

Answer 2

thumb-sucking, kicking, and swallowing

Question 3

What prenatal movement occurs at 6 weeks?

Answer 3

arches and curls

Question 4

What prenatal movement occurs at 7 weeks?

Answer 4

“startle” movements

Question 5

What prenatal movement occurs at 8 weeks?

Answer 5

arms and legs

Question 6

What prenatal movement occurs at 9 weeks?

Answer 6

hand to face

Question 7

What prenatal movement occurs at 10 weeks?

Answer 7

fingers

Question 8

What prenatal movement occurs at 27 weeks?

Answer 8

breathing

Question 9

What prenatal movement occurs at 28 weeks?

Answer 9

sucking and swallowing

Question 10

What are newborn reflexes?

Answer 10

innate, fixed, tightly organized patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

Question 11

What is rooting?

Answer 11

A newborn reflex; Turning of the head and opening of the mouth in the direction of a touch

Question 12

What is sucking and swallowing?

Answer 12

A newborn reflex; Oral response when the roof of the mouth is stimulated

Question 13

What is tonic neck?

Answer 13

A newborn reflex; when the head turns or is positioned to one side, the arms on that side of the body extends, while the arm and knee on the other side flex

Question 14

What is moro (or startle)?

Answer 14

A newborn reflex; throwing back the head and extending hte arms, then rapidly drawing them in, in response to a loud sound or sudden movement

Question 15

What is grasping?

Answer 15

A newborn reflex; closing the fingers around an object that is pressed to the palm?

Question 16

What is stepping?

Answer 16

A newborn reflex; Stepping or dancing with the feet when being held upright with feet touching a solid surface.

Question 17

What was the early view of infant motor development?

Answer 17

Infants’ motor development is governed by brain maturation

Question 18

What two types of differences influence the age at which motor milestones are acheived?

Answer 18

individual and cultural differences

Question 19

What is the current view on infant motor development?

Answer 19

Motor development results from a confluence of factors including motivation, neural mechanisms, increases in infant strength, posture control, balance, perceptual skills, changes in body proportions, and motivation

Question 20

T/F Crawling is a precursor to walking

Answer 20

F; In many cultures babies do not crawl, which may reduce their exposure to pathogens

Question 21

Changes in ______ _______ development affect children’s motor development

Answer 21

Changes in HABITUAL SLEEP development affect children’s motor development

Question 22

A study investigating _____ capacity in 5 month olds in 6 different cultures found that there is variability in ____ _______ across cultures.

Answer 22

A study investigating SITTING capacity in 5 month olds in 6 different cultures found that there is variability in SITTING PROFICIENCY across cultures.

Question 23

______ ___ ______ are slower to sit, creep, crawl, and pull to stand, but walk at the same ages as ______ ______

Answer 23

SUPINE (BACK) SLEEPERS are slower to sit, creep, crawl, and pull to stand, but walk at the same ages as PRONE SLEEPERS

Question 24

What does it mean that there is a developmental cascade?

Answer 24

Motor behavior changes perceptual experiences and perceptual abilities

Question 25

What is habituation?

Answer 25

A decrease in response to a repeated or continued stimulation

Question 26

Describe habituation.

Answer 26

-It’s a simple, highly adaptive form of learning
-It reflects general information processing efficiency.
-Occurrence indicates that learning has taken place

Question 27

What is statistical learning?

Answer 27

Picking up information from the environment and detecting statistically predictable patterns

Question 28

What is the Goldilocks effect?

Answer 28

When regularity and predictability of objects, events, and other stimuli are violated, infants take notice

Question 29

Statistical learning abilities have been measured across ______ ______, including _____, _____, and _______.

Answer 29

Statistical learning abilities have been measured across MULTIPLE DOMAINS, including MUSIC, ACTION, and SPEECH.

Question 30

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 30

Associates a stimulus with a different stimulus that evokes a particular reflexive response.

Question 31

What are the four elements of classical conditioning?

Answer 31

unconditional stimulus (UCS), unconditional response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR)

Question 32

What is instrumental (operant) conditioning?

Answer 32

Learning the relation between one’s own behavior and the consequences that result from it.

Question 33

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 33

A piece of operant conditioning; A reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Question 34

What is operational learning? What is one form of it?

Answer 34

Learning through observing the other people’s behavior. One form is imitation.

Question 35

18-month-olds can imitate ______ rather than _______.

Answer 35

18-month-olds can imitate INTENTIONS rather than ACTIONS.

Question 36

What is rational learning?

Answer 36

Learning processes that are guided by rational or logical principles

Question 37

Infants do no just passively experience the world, they actively…

Answer 37

Infants do no just passively experience the world, they actively MAKE SENSE OF IT AND ENGAGE IN IT.