Attachment

Question 1

What did Harry Harlow observe?

Answer 1

He observed monkeys that were deprived of early social interactions

Question 2

What did Harlow’s studies show?

Answer 2

That security is built on comfort and warmth

Question 3

What is attachment?

Answer 3

A strong, enduring emotional bond with special people that endures across space and time

Question 4

What does John Bowlby’s attachment theory claim?

Answer 4

It claims that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

Question 5

What does attachment promote?

Answer 5

proximity-seeking in times of distress, allowing emotional co-regulations

Question 6

What does attachment to the caregiver form?

Answer 6

A basis for an internal working model of social interactions

Question 7

What did Bowlby suggest?

Answer 7

The four phases of attachment: preattachment phase, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and reciprocal relationships

Question 8

When does the preattachment phase occur? What is it?

Answer 8

From birth to 6 weeks; The infant produces innate signals that bring otherss to his or her side and is comforted by the interaction that follows

Question 9

When does the attachment-in-the-making phase occur? What is it?

Answer 9

Between 6 weeks to 6-8 months; The phase in which infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people.

Question 10

When does the clear-cut attachment phase occur? What is it?

Answer 10

Between 6-8 months and 1.5-2 years; Characterized by the infant’s actively seeking contact with their regular caregivers and typically showing separation protest or distress when the caregiver departs.

Question 11

When does the reciprocal relationship phase occur? What is it?

Answer 11

Between 1.5 to 2 years; Involves children taking an active role in developing working partnerships with their caregivers

Question 12

What did May Ainsworth related attachment to?

Answer 12

responsive parenting

Question 13

What attachment results from an infant feeling positive & loved?

Answer 13

secure attachment

Question 14

What attachment results from an infant feeling unloved & rejected?

Answer 14

avoidant attachment

Question 15

What attachment results from an infant feeling angry & confused?

Answer 15

resistant attachment

Question 16

How did Ainsworth assess infant attachment to their primary caregivers.

Answer 16

She developed a laboratory procedure called “The Strange Situation” where a parent introduces a child to a stranger who comforts the infant when left alone.

Question 17

What reactions are assessed in “The Strange Situation”?

Answer 17

the reaction to the stranger’s entry, parent’s leaving, and parent’s return

Question 18

What are the 6 coding behaviors in the Strange Situaion?

Answer 18

use of parent as secure base, social referencing & attention to parent, proximity to parent/clinginess, emotional reactions, and exploration of room & toys

Question 19

What is secure attachment?

Answer 19

Distressed by parent leaving but easily comforted by parent return. secure base; not comforted by strangers

Question 20

When children are securely attached, they can use caregivers as ___________.

Answer 20

When children are securely attached, they can use caregivers as A SECURE BASE FOR EXPLORATION.

Question 21

What percent of American middle-class children are securely attached?

Answer 21

50-60%

Question 22

How do you classify avoidant-insecure attachment?

Answer 22

Not distressed by parent leaving and avoid contact upon return. Can be comforted by strangers if upset when parent is out of the room. They are just as easily comforted by strangers as their caregiver.

Question 23

What percent of American middle-class children are avoidant-insecurely attached?

Answer 23

15%

Question 24

How do you classify resistant-insecure attachment?

Answer 24

fail to explore, angry & resistant upon return; cannot be comforted by a stranger. When the caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them.

Question 25

What percent of American middle-class children are resistant-insecurely attached?

Answer 25

9%

Question 26

How do you classify disorganized-insecure attachment?

Answer 26

inconsistent signals and behvaiors, contradictory reactions

Question 27

What percent of American middle-class children are resistant-insecurely attached?

Answer 27

very few

Question 28

T/F All cultures have the same attachment patterns

Answer 28

F There is cultural variation in attachment patterns

Question 29

What is thought to promote secure attachment?

Answer 29

Responsive and sensitive care

Question 30

Parents with secure adult attachments tend to have _________ children.

Answer 30

Parents with secure adult attachments tend to have SECURELY ATTACHED children.

Question 31

T/F Characteristics of the infant may also influence attachment

Answer 31

T

Question 32

An intervention with mothers of irritable influences influenced ____________.

Answer 32

An intervention with mothers of irritable influences influenced ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATION.

Question 33

T/F Daycare negatively influences attachment

Answer 33

F Daycare does not appear to negatively influence attachment

Question 34

Can adult attachment styles change?

Answer 34

They can change over time based on life experiences, personal growth, and therapy

Question 35

What do positive adult attachment styles help with?

Answer 35

Building healthier, more satisfying relationships

Question 36

T/F Each attachment orientation has its advantages and disadvantages

Answer 36

T Each (secure or insecure) emerges as a meaningful adaptation to the immediate social environment

Question 37

What are the long-term effects of secure attachment?

Answer 37

more harmonious relationships with peers, positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence, higher grades and more involvement in school

Question 38

What did Belsky & Fearon investigate?

Answer 38

child outcomes at 36 months as a function of early attachment and longer-term parenting characteristics

Question 39

What did Belsky & Fearon find?

Answer 39

Early secure attachment is associated with better longer-term outcomes, but sensitive parenting appears to provide a protective and amplifying effect over time

Question 40

How do children form relationships with caregivers?

Answer 40

Infant behavior promotes relationship building and reponsive care creates healthy relationships