Temperament

Question 1

What does temperament reflect?

Answer 1

Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation

Question 2

T/F Temperament is similar to personality

Answer 2

F; temperament is DISTINCT from personality

Question 3

What is the relationship between temperament and biology?

Answer 3

Temperament is presumed to be strongly biologically determined by innate predisposition and objectively related to automatic behavioral and emotional reactions

Question 4

Temperament is a combination of _________ and _______ factors.

Answer 4

Temperament is a combination of GENETIC and ENVIRONMENTAL factors.

Question 5

What type of twins have more similarities in emotion and regulation?

Answer 5

Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins

Question 6

What three groups did Thomas and Chess classify infants into?

Answer 6

easy babies, difficult babies, and slow-to-warm-up babies

Question 7

What are the characteristics of easy babies?

Answer 7

Adjust easily to new situations, quickly establish daily routines such as sleeping and eating, generally have a cheerful mood, and are easy to calm

Question 8

What are the characteristics of difficult babies?

Answer 8

Slow to adjust to new experiences, tend to react negatively and intensely to events, irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions

Question 9

What are the characteristics of slow-to-warm-up babies?

Answer 9

Somewhat difficult at first, but become easier over time with repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations.

Question 10

How did Mary Rothbart classify children?

Answer 10

Classified children according to dimensional scales

Question 11

What temperament dimensions did Rothbart look at?

Answer 11

fearful distress, irritability, attention span, activity level, positive affectivity

Question 12

What is equifinality?

Answer 12

The concept that various causes can lead to the same outcomes

Question 13

What is multifinality?

Answer 13

The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to the same outcomes

Question 14

What is goodness of fit?

Answer 14

The degree to which an individual’s characteristics is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her environment

Question 15

What is differential susceptibility?

Answer 15

Differential susceptibility reflects the idea that some children may show greater effects of the environment, while others may show fewer

Question 16

What are four key concepts for thinking about how temperament influences development?

Answer 16

equifinality, multifinality, goodness-of-fit, differential susceptibility

Question 17

How are devices related to temperament and self-control?

Answer 17

Self-control and temperament are related to whether parents are likely to use devices to calm their young children

Question 18

T/F There are a variety of ways that environment might differentially influence some individuals

Answer 18

T

Question 19

What does mental health reflect?

Answer 19

Mental health reflects children’s sense of emotional, psychological and social well-being.

Question 20

Temperament is a risk factor for later ______.

Answer 20

Temperament is a risk factor for later PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.

Question 21

At what age does temperament predict long-term outcomes?

Answer 21

Infant (14-month) temperament predicts long-term outcomes

Question 22

What predicts outcomes better – childhood temperament or adult personality?

Answer 22

Childhood temperament can sometimes predict better than adult personality

Question 23

What is stress?

Answer 23

Stress is a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment

Question 24

What is toxic stress?

Answer 24

Toxic stress is the experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support to help mitigate the effects of that stress

Question 25

How are adverse childhood experiences relate to long-term health and well-being

Answer 25

Adverse childhood experiences interact with developmental processes to influence outcomes