Temperament Flashcards
What does temperament reflect?
Individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation
T/F Temperament is similar to personality
F; temperament is DISTINCT from personality
What is the relationship between temperament and biology?
Temperament is presumed to be strongly biologically determined by innate predisposition and objectively related to automatic behavioral and emotional reactions
Temperament is a combination of _________ and _______ factors.
Temperament is a combination of GENETIC and ENVIRONMENTAL factors.
What type of twins have more similarities in emotion and regulation?
Identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
What three groups did Thomas and Chess classify infants into?
easy babies, difficult babies, and slow-to-warm-up babies
What are the characteristics of easy babies?
Adjust easily to new situations, quickly establish daily routines such as sleeping and eating, generally have a cheerful mood, and are easy to calm
What are the characteristics of difficult babies?
Slow to adjust to new experiences, tend to react negatively and intensely to events, irregular in their daily routines and bodily functions
What are the characteristics of slow-to-warm-up babies?
Somewhat difficult at first, but become easier over time with repeated contact with new objects, people, and situations.
How did Mary Rothbart classify children?
Classified children according to dimensional scales
What temperament dimensions did Rothbart look at?
fearful distress, irritability, attention span, activity level, positive affectivity
What is equifinality?
The concept that various causes can lead to the same outcomes
What is multifinality?
The concept that certain risk factors do not always lead to the same outcomes
What is goodness of fit?
The degree to which an individual’s characteristics is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her environment
What is differential susceptibility?
Differential susceptibility reflects the idea that some children may show greater effects of the environment, while others may show fewer
What are four key concepts for thinking about how temperament influences development?
equifinality, multifinality, goodness-of-fit, differential susceptibility
How are devices related to temperament and self-control?
Self-control and temperament are related to whether parents are likely to use devices to calm their young children
T/F There are a variety of ways that environment might differentially influence some individuals
T
What does mental health reflect?
Mental health reflects children’s sense of emotional, psychological and social well-being.
Temperament is a risk factor for later ______.
Temperament is a risk factor for later PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.
At what age does temperament predict long-term outcomes?
Infant (14-month) temperament predicts long-term outcomes
What predicts outcomes better – childhood temperament or adult personality?
Childhood temperament can sometimes predict better than adult personality
What is stress?
Stress is a physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment
What is toxic stress?
Toxic stress is the experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support to help mitigate the effects of that stress
