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Developmental Science > Moral Development > Flashcards

Moral Development Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F Morality is universal

A

T

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2
Q

T/F Morality is only attributed to humans

A

F; Morality is contributed to humans, nations, supernatural entities, robots, and AI

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3
Q

What does moral reasoning reflect?

A

Judgements pertaining to others’ welfare, rights, justice, and fairness

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4
Q

What is the complex decision process with morals?

A
  1. Recognize situations as having moral rules
  2. Activate relevant schemas
  3. Encode and interpret the situation
  4. Evaluate options
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5
Q

T/F Moral reasoning is distinct from cultural traditions, conventions, norms, and traditions

A

T

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6
Q

Changes in moral reasoning drives ______. Both ______ and _____.

A

Changes in moral reasoning drives CHANGE. Both DEVELOPMENTAL and SOCIETAL.

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7
Q

T/F Patterns of moral judgement are fuzzy

A

F; There are clear patterns of moral judgement even though specific moral judgements are not universal

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8
Q

What are the three processes through which moral judgements may emerge?

A

Reasoning, Intuition, and Emotion

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9
Q

By what age do children understand that infliction of harm on others is wrong?

A

Age 3

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10
Q

Despite the potential costs of protesting, at what age do children challenge unfair group norms?

A

As early as age 5 or 6

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11
Q

What are the 5 moral grammars under the moral foundations theory?

A

Purity, Authority, In-group loyalty, fairness, and avoiding harm

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12
Q

What is the moral grammar of harm?

A

Whether or not someone suffered emotionally.

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13
Q

What is the moral grammar of fairness?

A

Whether or not some people were treated differently than others.

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14
Q

What is the moral grammar of loyalty?

A

Whether or not someone’s action showed love for his or her country.

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15
Q

What is the moral grammar of authority?

A

Whether or not someone’s showed a lack of respect for authority.

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16
Q

What is the moral grammar of purity?

A

Whether or not someone did something disgusting.

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17
Q

One’s moral evaluations are related to _______ and ________ evaluations

A

One’s moral evaluations are related to PARENTS’ and GRANDPARENTS’ evaluations

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18
Q

T/F Moral judgements are simply learned.

A

F; Moral judgements are not simply learned, or there wouldn’t be change in moral evaluations over generations

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19
Q

______ behind a behavior is critical for determining whether a given behavior is moral or immoral.

A

REASONING behind a behavior is critical for determining whether a given behavior is moral or immoral.

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20
Q

What are the three pieces to reasoning behind a behavior?

A

Input (beliefs/desires & consequences/causes), Analysis (intended/caused harm is bad), and the judgement (whether or not it is wrong and punishment is needed)

21
Q

What did Piaget describe about children’s moral reasoning?

A

Children’s moral reasoning changes from rigid acceptance of the rules to an appreciation that the rules are a product of social interaction that can be changed

22
Q

What is Piaget’s theory of moral judgement based on?

A

Observation of children switching between three phases: morality of constraint, a transition period, and autonomous morality

23
Q

What is morality of constraint (aka heteronomous morality)?

A

What determines whether an action is good or bad is the consequence of the action, not the motive.

24
Q

At what age is the transitional period of morality?

A

5-7 years old.

25
Q

What is autonomous morality?

A

What determines whether an action is good or bad is fairness and equity.

26
Q

What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Judgement?

A

Moral judgement is assessed by presenting children with hypothetical moral dilemmas.

27
Q

How is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Judgment studied?

A

Questioning children about issues involved in their moral judgments (ex. Heinz Steals the Drug)

28
Q

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional

29
Q

What is the Preconventional level? What stages does it contain?

A

Morality that is self-centered, focusing on getting rewards and avoiding punishment. Contains stage 1 and stage 2.

30
Q

What is stage 1 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

punishment and obedience orientation

31
Q

What is stage 2 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

instrumental and exchange orientation

32
Q

What is stage 3 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

33
Q

What is stage 4 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

social system and conscience orientation

34
Q

What is stage 5 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

social contract or individual rights orientation

35
Q

What is stage 6 in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?

A

universal ethical principles

36
Q

What is the Conventional level? What stages does it contain?

A

centered on social relationships, focusing on compliance with social duties and laws. Includes stage 3 and stage 4.

37
Q

What is the Postconventional level? What stages does it contain?

A

Centered on ideals, focused on moral principles. Includes stage 5 and 6.

38
Q

T/F Kohlberg’s stages are thought to be universal

A

T

39
Q

What are some critiques of Kohlberg’s Theory?

A
  • It reflects biased, intellectualized Western concepts of morality
  • Views moral reasoning development as discontinuous
  • Does not address gender differences in moral reasoning
40
Q

What do modern theories of moral development emphasize?

A
  • Intuition and affect as drivers of moral reasoning and behavior
  • Automatic processes rather than explicit reasoning
41
Q

What three domains are in the social domain theory?

A

Moral domain, social conventional domain, and personal domain

42
Q

What does the moral domain contain?

A

Welfare, rights, justice, authority-independent, and universal context

43
Q

What is social convention domain?

A

social etiquette, social rules, authority-dependent, and context specific

44
Q

What is personal domain?

A

personal choices, and personal justification

45
Q

By what age do children believe that violations of moral rules are more wrong that violations of social conventions?

A

Age 3

46
Q

By what age do children believe that moral transgressions are wrong?

A

Age 4

47
Q

What is the role of parents in the social domain theory of moral development?

A

Children, but fewer adolescents, start to feel that parents have authority. Parents feel otherwise which leads to as

48
Q

How does the Social Domain Theory of Moral Development explain the growth in moral reasoning?

A

Growth in moral reasoning occurs through gradual changes based on child’s social interactions with peers and adults and through direct socialization

Developmental Science (22 decks)

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