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Developmental Science > Categories and Concepts > Flashcards

Categories and Concepts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do categories and concepts do?

A

Group together objects, events, etc., that are similar in some way

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2
Q

Categories and concepts support ______ of prior experience

A

generalization

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3
Q

What is the distinction between concepts and categories?

A

Categories group things in the world that go together; Concepts are the things (representations) in your head that allow you to categorize things in the world

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4
Q

Categories can be _____ or _____. What is the difference?

A

Categories can be TAXONOMIC or THEMATIC.
-Taxonomic is based on shared physical features
-Thematic is based on shared function or context

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5
Q

What are the three varieties of categories?

A

Natural, Artificial, and Ad hoc

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6
Q

What are the traits of a natural category?

A

Things created by nature that typically have shared physical features

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7
Q

What are the traits of an artificial category?

A

Things created by humans that typically have shared functions

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8
Q

What are the traits of an ad hoc category?

A

They are formed for a specific purpose or context, for example, things to take on a picnic

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9
Q

Children (and adults) organize categories and concepts into ________.

A

Children (and adults) organize categories and concepts into HIERARCHIES.

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10
Q

List the hierarchies from most to least general

A

most general, superordinate, basic, subordinate

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11
Q

Write a hierarchy for a La-Z Boy chair.

A

most general: inanimate object
superordinate: furniture
basic: chair
subordinate: La-Z-Boy

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12
Q

What was the traditional view about categories. Is this true?

A

The traditional view was that infants do not categorize. This isn’t true.

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13
Q

What are the two mechanisms of categorization?

A

Perceptual categorization and forming a prototype

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14
Q

What is perceptual categorization?

A

Grouping based on shared perceptual features.

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15
Q

What is forming a prototype?

A

Grouping based on similarity to a “representational average”

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16
Q

As children develop, categorization shifts from ______ to ______.

A

As children develop, categorization shifts from PERCEPTUAL to CONCEPTUAL.

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17
Q

What does conceptual development reflect?

A

The interaction of nature and nurture

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18
Q

What do nativists argue about conceptual development?

A

That innate understanding of concepts plays a central role in development

19
Q

What do empiricists argue about conceptual development?

A

That concepts arise from basic learning mechanisms.

20
Q

Children form ____ ____ for different domains. What are these domains?

A

Children form NAIVE THEORIES for different domains. They are physics, psychology, and biology

21
Q

What does naive physics cover?

A

forces and motion, substance and object, and actual phenomenon

22
Q

What does naive psychology cover?

A

The relationship between intention, belief and behavior; Knowing psychological phenomena such as perception, emotion, etc

23
Q

What does naive biology cover?

A

The difference between biological and abiotic; Knowing of biological phenomena such as growth, death, and so on.

24
Q

What characteristics do naive theories and formal scientific theories share?

A

Units, principles, and causality

25
Q

What is Piaget’s theory to how infants form naive theories?

A

Infant’s physical interactions with objects

26
Q

What is the infomational processing approach’s theory to how infants form naive theories?

A

Through basic processing skills

27
Q

What is core-knowledge theory’s explanation for how infants form naive theories?

A

Infants have a biological predisposition to form particular responses

28
Q

What is sociocultural theory’s explanation for how infants form naive theories?

A

the social world structures and communicates information about important concepts

29
Q

Understanding others requires appreciating _______ _______ for behavior. This includes ______, ______, _______, and _______.

A

Understanding others requires appreciating MENTAL EXPLANATIONS for behavior. This includes DESIRES, INTENTIONS, ACTIONS, and BELIEFS.

30
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

The ability to attribute mental states to ourselves and others

31
Q

How does a child pass a false-belief test? What age do children usually pass?

A

They need to predict the behavior of another person based on an inferred mental state that differs from reality. Usually pass at 5 y.o.

32
Q

What does theory of mind say about two-year olds?

A

They understand the connection between other people’s desires and actions, but show little understanding of beliefs. They will give someone their preferred snack

33
Q

What does theory of mind say about three-year olds?

A

They understand that desires and beliefs affect behavior, but have difficulty with false belief problems where others’ beliefs are in conflict with the child’s own knowledge

34
Q

What does theory of mind say about five-year olds?

A

They understand desires, beliefs, and intentions. They can pass false belief problems

35
Q

Put these in the trajectory of development: earliest to latest; diverse desires, knowledge access, contents false belief, real-apparent emotion, explicit false belief, belief emotion, diverse beliefs

A

diverse desires, diverse beliefs, knowledge access, contents false belief, explicit false belief, belief emotion, real-apparent emotion

36
Q

What are the four explanations for the development of theory of mind?

A
  1. children overcome egocentrism thorough assimilation and accomodation
  2. general information processing skills allow children to understand people’s minds
  3. there is a theory of mind module (TOMM)
  4. interactions with other people are crucial for developing theory of mind
37
Q

What two things do preschoolers understand through naive biology?

A
  1. That biological processes are different from psychological processes
  2. The properties of living that are crucial for their functions
38
Q

At _____ (age), children can distinguish people from other animals and from inanimate objects

A

1 year old

39
Q

At _____ (age), children can assess properties of living and nonliving things

A

3-4 years old

40
Q

At _____ (age), children realize plants are living things

A

7-9 years old

41
Q

How do nativists argue that children acquire biological knowledge?

A

They argue that humans are born with a “biology module” that helps children learn quickly about living things; includes fascination of plants and animals

42
Q

How do nativists support their argument for the “biology module”?

A

It was crucial for survival during early periods of evolution; Throughout the world, information about plants and animals are organized in similar ways

43
Q

How do empiricists argue that children acquire biological knowledge?

A

That children’s biological understanding comes from observations and information received from parents, teachers, and culture.

44
Q

What is the theory of mind module (TOMM)?

A

A hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings

Developmental Science (22 decks)

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