Nature vs. Nurture

Question 1

What is genotype?

Answer 1

Genetic material an individual inherits

Question 2

What is phenotype?

Answer 2

Observable expression of the genotype, including body characteristics and behavior.

Question 3

What is the environment?

Answer 3

Every aspect of the individual, and his or her surroundings, other than genes.

Question 4

What is the genome?

Answer 4

The complete set of the organism’s genes.

Question 5

What is non-coding DNA? And what do they do?

Answer 5

Sequences that do not code for amino acids; Regulate gene expression.

Question 6

What percent of humans DNA sequence is the same?

Answer 6

99.95

Question 7

On average, how many bases differ from person to person?

Answer 7

3

Question 8

What are the six ways that genetic disorders can be transmitted?

Answer 8

• dominate-recessive patterns
• polygenic inherited
• sex-linked inheritance
• chromosomal anomalies
• gene anomalies
• regulator genes

Question 10

What is a condition that results from dominate pattern transmission?

Answer 10

Huntington disease

Question 11

What are conditions that result from recessive pattern transmissions?

Answer 11

PKU, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs

Question 12

What are conditions that result from polygenic inherited transmissions?

Answer 12

Cancer, heart disease

Question 13

What are conditions that result from sex-linked inherited transmissions?

Answer 13

male-patterned baldness, hemophilia, fragile-X syndrome

Question 14

What is a condition that results from chromosomal anomaly transmissions?

Answer 14

Down syndrome

Question 15

What is a condition that result from gene anomaly transmissions?

Answer 15

Williams syndrome

Question 16

What are conditions that result from regulator gene transmissions?

Answer 16

Newborns with female genitalia but genetically male

Question 17

What is a regulatory gene transmission?

Answer 17

Problems with regulator genes switching on or off

Question 18

What is a gene Anomaly?

Answer 18

Missing, abnormal, or extra chromosomes or genes

Question 19

What is a chromosomal anomaly?

Answer 19

Errors in germ cell division that results in zygote have more or less than a normal set of chromosomes

Question 20

What do genome-wide association studies (GWAS) measure?

Answer 20

The characteristics of individuals and associate these characteristics with DNA segments.

Question 21

What did the human genome project reveal?

Answer 21

That causation is complex.

Question 22

What is epigenetics? Can these changes be transmitted?

Answer 22

Changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment. Some epigenetic changes can be transmitted to the next generation.

Question 23

What is behavior genetics?

Answer 23

The science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Question 24

What does heritable mean?

Answer 24

Characteristics or traits influenced by heredity. Heritability is how much variation of a trait there is within a population.

Question 25

What does multifactorial mean?

Answer 25

Traits affects by environmental and genetic factors.

Question 26

If there is no variance, what is heritability?

Answer 26

Heritability is zero.

Question 27

What are family studies?

Answer 27

Compare member of the same family.

Question 28

What are twin studies?

Answer 28

They compare identical and fraternal twins and siblings.

Question 29

What are adoption studies?

Answer 29

Compare adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents or compare identical twins reared apart with identical twins reared together.

Question 30

There are _______ effects of genes on one’s phenotype.

Answer 30

There are CASCADING effects of genes on one’s phenotype.

Question 31

What are sensitive periods?

Answer 31

Time windows when the brain is especially sensitive to particular stimuli.