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Theories of Social Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation that transcends individual examples and observations; explanations and interpretations of the facts

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2
Q

What is the cycle with data and theories?

A

Data describes reality and tests predictions; Theories explain data and generate predictions

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3
Q

What is a good theory?

A

broad, generative, parsimonious, makes predictions about things that will and wont occur

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4
Q

What do theories of social development explain?

A

how children’s development is influenced by the people and the individuals around them

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5
Q

How does Freud desciribe behavior?

A

As motivated to satisfy basic drives

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6
Q

What are Freud’s 5 universal developmental stage?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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7
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

from birth to age 2; infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling

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8
Q

What is the anal stag?

A

From ages 2-3; The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowel and bladder control)

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9
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

From ages 3-7; The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality

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10
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

From ages 7-11; The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet

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11
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

From ages 11 through adulthood; The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex

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12
Q

What are the theories of social development?

A

psychoanalytic theories, learning theories, theories of social cognition, and ecological theories

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13
Q

What are the strengths of Freud’s theory?

A

Emphasis on the importance of early experience and emotional relationship, recognition of the role of subjective experience

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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of Freud’s theory?

A

not testable and can explain all patterns of behavior, specific elements of the theory are questionable

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15
Q

What did Erikson argue about development?

A

Development was driven by series of developmental crises related to age and biological maturation

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16
Q

What are the strengths of Erikson’s psychosocial stage?

A

Emphasis on the search for identity in adolescence

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17
Q

What are the weaknesses of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory?

A

It is not testable and can explain all patterns of behavior; specific elements are questionable

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18
Q

What do learning theories focus on?

A

They focus on the role of external factors in shaping personality and social behavior

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19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus takes on a new meaning after being paired with something of significance

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20
Q

What is Watson’s view on behavior?

A

Behavior is influenced by the environment via associations (classical-conditioning)

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21
Q

What study did Watson conduct?

A

the Little Albert study

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22
Q

What is operant (instumental) conditioning?

A

A learning process that leads to an increase or decrease in behavior depending on rewards or punishments

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23
Q

What was Skinner’s view on behavior?

A

Reponse/feedback to a behavior shapes/conditions the behavior (aka operant conditioning)

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24
Q

What do social learning theories emphasize?

A

They emphasize observation and imitation, rather than reinforcement, as the primary mechanisms of development

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25
What did Albert Bandura argue?
Argued that most human learning is inherently social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people
26
What experiment did Bandura perform?
The Bobo doll experiment; a child observed someone receieving a reward/punishment for behavior toward a doll then pushed to interact toward it.
27
What does observing someone else receive a reward or punishment for the behavior affect?
It affects the subsequent reproduction of the behavior
28
Over time, what did Bandura place more emphasis on?
The cognitive aspects of observational learning, renaming his view social cognitive theory
29
What are the four pieces of observational learning?
attention, retention, production, and motivation
30
What does social-cognitive theory state?
Learners are active processors of the environment, including social environment. It emphasizes internal processes
31
What is reciprocal determinism? Whose theory is it?
Bandura; the child-environment influences operate in both directions
32
What is triadic reciprocal causation?
Behavior, environment, and the person all influence each other
33
What are the strengths of learning theories
derived from empirical research in socialization, led to practical applications like behavior modification
34
What are the weakness of learning theories?
focuses on behavior, not on the brain, lacks attention to biological influences, and minimizes impact of perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language developments
35
What are the psychoanalytic theories of social development?
maturation, unconscious mental processes, developmental stages
36
What are the social learning theories of social development?
Social learning mechanisms operating over social input
37
What is social cognitive learning?
Bidirectional influences of child cognitive processes and the social environment via cognitive learning mechanisms
38
What do developmental theories of social cognition explain?
Children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors
39
Social cognition theories focus on _________ rather than external factors.
Social cognition theories focus on SELF-SOCIALIZATION rather than external factors.
40
Dodge's informational-processing social cognitive theory proposes a ______ analytic process.
Dodge's informational-processing social cognitive theory proposes a 6-STEP analytic process.
41
Dodge found that some children may have a ______ ______ _____.
Dodge found that some children may have a HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS.
42
According to Carol Dweck, motivation is based on either ____ _____ or ______ _____.
According to Carol Dweck, motivation is based on either LEARNING GOALS or PERFORMANCE GOALS.
43
What do learning goals seek to improve?
One's competence and master new material
44
What do performance goals seek?
To receive positive assessments of one's competence or to avoid negative assessments
45
What are the strengths of social cognitive theories?
Children are active seeks, provide the insight that the effect of children's social experience depends on their interpretation of experiences.
46
What are the weaknesses?
Ignores biological influences on social development, often have a large emphasis on deliberate processes
47
What is ethology?
The study of behavior within an evolutionary context, attempting to understand behavior in terms of survival value
48
T/F Emotion is expressed universally in human children
T
49
What does a child's emotions solicit?
Caregiving and Interaction
50
What are the strengths of ethological theories?
Emphasis on observational studies of children
51
What are the weaknesses of ethological theories?
They are primarily descriptive
52
What does evolutionary psychology do?
Applies concepts of natural selection and adaption to behavior
53
What does parental-investment theory stress?
The evolutionary basis of the extensive investment parents make in their offspring
54
How is play looked at through the parental-investment theory?
A functional and universal human behavior
55
What are the strengths of the evolutionary approach?
It's grounded in evolutionary mechanisms
56
What are the weaknesses of the evolutionary approach?
It's impossible to test, tends to overlook human capacity to transform the environment and self, the functions of behavior are not obvious
57
What is the bioecological model?
It considers the child's environment as composed of a series of nested structures that impact development
58
What is Bronfennbrenner's theory?
Bioecological Model
59
Socioeconomic status is related to ____________ __________
Socioeconomic status is related to DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES
60
What are the impacts of early life poverty on child biology?
physiological stress response, brain structure and function, DNA methylation, microbiome, immune responses, and inflammation
61
What are the impacts of early life poverty on child health and development?
cognition and learning, language development, behavioural problems, educational outcomes, susceptibility to infectious diseases, risk of chronic diseases, and mental health problems
62
What are the impacts of early life poverty on adult health and well-being?
risk for mental health problems, increased susceptibility to infections, pro-inflammatory phenotype, increased risk of chronic diseases, and decreased productivity
63
What are the negative effects of affluence?
greater levels of anxiety, more use of illicit substances
64
What are the strengths of the bioecological model?
Individuals are placed in a broad context of development and interaction among various level factors
65
What are the weaknesses of the bioecological model?
the key biological determinants of behavior development are not considered, it is not fully specified how all the levels influence development
66
What is the focus of social cognitive theories?
cognitive mechanisms that support social understanding
67
What is the focus of ethology?
behaviors that support survival of individuals
68
What is the focus of evolutionary psychology?
social behavior reflects behaviors that increase evolutionary success of species
69
What is the focus of the bioecological model?
through participation in a complex and interactive system

Developmental Science (22 decks)

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