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Developmental Science > Theories of Social Development > Flashcards

Theories of Social Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation that transcends individual examples and observations; explanations and interpretations of the facts

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2
Q

What is the cycle with data and theories?

A

Data describes reality and tests predictions; Theories explain data and generate predictions

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3
Q

What is a good theory?

A

broad, generative, parsimonious, makes predictions about things that will and wont occur

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4
Q

What do theories of social development explain?

A

how children’s development is influenced by the people and the individuals around them

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5
Q

How does Freud desciribe behavior?

A

As motivated to satisfy basic drives

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6
Q

What are Freud’s 5 universal developmental stage?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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7
Q

What is the oral stage?

A

from birth to age 2; infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling

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8
Q

What is the anal stag?

A

From ages 2-3; The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society (such as bowel and bladder control)

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9
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A

From ages 3-7; The child learns to realize the differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality

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10
Q

What is the latency stage?

A

From ages 7-11; The child continues his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet

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11
Q

What is the genital stage?

A

From ages 11 through adulthood; The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex

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12
Q

What are the theories of social development?

A

psychoanalytic theories, learning theories, theories of social cognition, and ecological theories

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13
Q

What are the strengths of Freud’s theory?

A

Emphasis on the importance of early experience and emotional relationship, recognition of the role of subjective experience

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14
Q

What are the weaknesses of Freud’s theory?

A

not testable and can explain all patterns of behavior, specific elements of the theory are questionable

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15
Q

What did Erikson argue about development?

A

Development was driven by series of developmental crises related to age and biological maturation

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16
Q

What are the strengths of Erikson’s psychosocial stage?

A

Emphasis on the search for identity in adolescence

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17
Q

What are the weaknesses of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory?

A

It is not testable and can explain all patterns of behavior; specific elements are questionable

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18
Q

What do learning theories focus on?

A

They focus on the role of external factors in shaping personality and social behavior

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19
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Neutral stimulus takes on a new meaning after being paired with something of significance

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20
Q

What is Watson’s view on behavior?

A

Behavior is influenced by the environment via associations (classical-conditioning)

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21
Q

What study did Watson conduct?

A

the Little Albert study

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22
Q

What is operant (instumental) conditioning?

A

A learning process that leads to an increase or decrease in behavior depending on rewards or punishments

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23
Q

What was Skinner’s view on behavior?

A

Reponse/feedback to a behavior shapes/conditions the behavior (aka operant conditioning)

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24
Q

What do social learning theories emphasize?

A

They emphasize observation and imitation, rather than reinforcement, as the primary mechanisms of development

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25
Q

What did Albert Bandura argue?

A

Argued that most human learning is inherently social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people

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26
Q

What experiment did Bandura perform?

A

The Bobo doll experiment; a child observed someone receieving a reward/punishment for behavior toward a doll then pushed to interact toward it.

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27
Q

What does observing someone else receive a reward or punishment for the behavior affect?

A

It affects the subsequent reproduction of the behavior

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28
Q

Over time, what did Bandura place more emphasis on?

A

The cognitive aspects of observational learning, renaming his view social cognitive theory

29
Q

What are the four pieces of observational learning?

A

attention, retention, production, and motivation

30
Q

What does social-cognitive theory state?

A

Learners are active processors of the environment, including social environment. It emphasizes internal processes

31
Q

What is reciprocal determinism? Whose theory is it?

A

Bandura; the child-environment influences operate in both directions

32
Q

What is triadic reciprocal causation?

A

Behavior, environment, and the person all influence each other

33
Q

What are the strengths of learning theories

A

derived from empirical research in socialization, led to practical applications like behavior modification

34
Q

What are the weakness of learning theories?

A

focuses on behavior, not on the brain, lacks attention to biological influences, and minimizes impact of perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language developments

35
Q

What are the psychoanalytic theories of social development?

A

maturation, unconscious mental processes, developmental stages

36
Q

What are the social learning theories of social development?

A

Social learning mechanisms operating over social input

37
Q

What is social cognitive learning?

A

Bidirectional influences of child cognitive processes and the social environment via cognitive learning mechanisms

38
Q

What do developmental theories of social cognition explain?

A

Children’s ability to think and reason about their own and other people’s thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

39
Q

Social cognition theories focus on _________ rather than external factors.

A

Social cognition theories focus on SELF-SOCIALIZATION rather than external factors.

40
Q

Dodge’s informational-processing social cognitive theory proposes a ______ analytic process.

A

Dodge’s informational-processing social cognitive theory proposes a 6-STEP analytic process.

41
Q

Dodge found that some children may have a ______ ______ _____.

A

Dodge found that some children may have a HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS.

42
Q

According to Carol Dweck, motivation is based on either ____ _____ or ______ _____.

A

According to Carol Dweck, motivation is based on either LEARNING GOALS or PERFORMANCE GOALS.

43
Q

What do learning goals seek to improve?

A

One’s competence and master new material

44
Q

What do performance goals seek?

A

To receive positive assessments of one’s competence or to avoid negative assessments

45
Q

What are the strengths of social cognitive theories?

A

Children are active seeks, provide the insight that the effect of children’s social experience depends on their interpretation of experiences.

46
Q

What are the weaknesses?

A

Ignores biological influences on social development, often have a large emphasis on deliberate processes

47
Q

What is ethology?

A

The study of behavior within an evolutionary context, attempting to understand behavior in terms of survival value

48
Q

T/F Emotion is expressed universally in human children

A

T

49
Q

What does a child’s emotions solicit?

A

Caregiving and Interaction

50
Q

What are the strengths of ethological theories?

A

Emphasis on observational studies of children

51
Q

What are the weaknesses of ethological theories?

A

They are primarily descriptive

52
Q

What does evolutionary psychology do?

A

Applies concepts of natural selection and adaption to behavior

53
Q

What does parental-investment theory stress?

A

The evolutionary basis of the extensive investment parents make in their offspring

54
Q

How is play looked at through the parental-investment theory?

A

A functional and universal human behavior

55
Q

What are the strengths of the evolutionary approach?

A

It’s grounded in evolutionary mechanisms

56
Q

What are the weaknesses of the evolutionary approach?

A

It’s impossible to test, tends to overlook human capacity to transform the environment and self, the functions of behavior are not obvious

57
Q

What is the bioecological model?

A

It considers the child’s environment as composed of a series of nested structures that impact development

58
Q

What is Bronfennbrenner’s theory?

A

Bioecological Model

59
Q

Socioeconomic status is related to ____________ __________

A

Socioeconomic status is related to DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES

60
Q

What are the impacts of early life poverty on child biology?

A

physiological stress response, brain structure and function, DNA methylation, microbiome, immune responses, and inflammation

61
Q

What are the impacts of early life poverty on child health and development?

A

cognition and learning, language development, behavioural problems, educational outcomes, susceptibility to infectious diseases, risk of chronic diseases, and mental health problems

62
Q

What are the impacts of early life poverty on adult health and well-being?

A

risk for mental health problems, increased susceptibility to infections, pro-inflammatory phenotype, increased risk of chronic diseases, and decreased productivity

63
Q

What are the negative effects of affluence?

A

greater levels of anxiety, more use of illicit substances

64
Q

What are the strengths of the bioecological model?

A

Individuals are placed in a broad context of development and interaction among various level factors

65
Q

What are the weaknesses of the bioecological model?

A

the key biological determinants of behavior development are not considered, it is not fully specified how all the levels influence development

66
Q

What is the focus of social cognitive theories?

A

cognitive mechanisms that support social understanding

67
Q

What is the focus of ethology?

A

behaviors that support survival of individuals

68
Q

What is the focus of evolutionary psychology?

A

social behavior reflects behaviors that increase evolutionary success of species

69
Q

What is the focus of the bioecological model?

A

through participation in a complex and interactive system

Developmental Science (22 decks)

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