Theories of Development

Question 1

Information processing ____ with development.

Answer 1

Information processing IMPROVES with development.

Question 2

What is the central idea of information processing theories?

Answer 2

Cognition is computation.

Question 3

What is the information processing model?

Answer 3

A set of stages of processing incoming information and acting on the results of these processes.

Question 4

In the information processing model, what does input include?

Answer 4

Perceptual input and sensory register

Question 5

In the information processing model, what does processing include?

Answer 5

attention, encoding, rehearsal, storage, decision-making

Question 6

In the information processing model, what does output include?

Answer 6

response

Question 7

Development is _____ in information processing.

Answer 7

Development is CHANGE in information processing.

Question 8

What happens with the improvement with information processing?

Answer 8

Capacity, efficiency, strategies, contents of processing all change over development.

Question 9

Kail observed increases in processing speed that were similar across tasks. What does that suggest?

Answer 9

General changes in information processing.

Question 10

Chess kids performed better than adults on ______ tasks.

Answer 10

Chess kids performed better than adults on CHESS tasks.

Question 11

How does development happen in an information processing framework?

Answer 11

Domain general changes in processing; Domain specific changes in the information a child knows within a particular domain/

Question 12

What do core knowledge theories argue?

Answer 12

That children have innate cognitive capacities that unfold over development.

Question 13

What are the four core knowledge systems?

Answer 13

Objects and their interactions
Agents and their result-oriented actions
Number
Space

Question 14

What do nativists emphasize?

Answer 14

Innate knowledge, which provides the foundation for later knowledge.

Question 15

What do constructivists emphasize?

Answer 15

That initial knowledge is rudimentary, provides the building blocks for later knowledge

Question 16

What do socio-cultural theories argue?

Answer 16

Development emerges through interactions with others

Question 17

What did Vygotsky emphasize?

Answer 17

Children acquire capabilities through interaction with others and internalize them over time.

Question 18

What is scaffolding? What theory does it fit under?

Answer 18

Socio-cultural; Parents adjust to their children, providing support just beyond what their child can do. With time and practice, the child increases competence, and the parent shifts their behavior.

Question 19

What does dynamic system theories (DST) argue?

Answer 19

That behavior emerges out of complex interactions of multiple processes.

Question 20

What are the two principles of DST theory?

Answer 20

• multiple subsystems work together to support behavior in often nonlinear ways
• development involves improving processing and getting better at coordinating subsystems

Question 21

What is the classic explanation for why stepping reflex disappear in the first few months of life?

Answer 21

Reflex centers of the brain are inhibited as brain regions responsible for voluntary movement mature.

Question 22

What is the dynamic systems explanation for why stepping reflex disappear in the first few months of life?

Answer 22

Stepping changes due to interactions of muscle strength, weight and postural changes.