The Self Flashcards
What are the five aspects of self?
physical characteristics, personality traits, personal preferences, social and familial relationships, details of ethnicity/culture/nationality
the self includes one’s ______, _____, and _______.
the self includes one’s SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-ESTEEM, and SELF-IDENTITY.
What rudimentary sense of self do infants have?
Infants learn that they can affect their environments; Around 8 months, it becomes more distinct as separation anxiety becomes prevalent.
At what age can children look into a mirror and realize that they are seeing themselves?
18 to 20 months of age
What are four steps to develop mirror self-recognition?
- social responses
- physical inspection
- repetitive mirror-testing behavior
- realization of seeing themselves
Chimpanzees decrease _____ behavior and increase ______ behavior over time. Do monkeys do the same?
Chimpanzees decrease SOCIAL behavior and increase SELF-DIRECTED behavior over time. Monkeys DO NOT do the same.
T/F Only humans are successful at mirror self-recognition
F; great apes, elephants, dolphins, orcas, magpie, and coral reef fish are also successful
What feelings do self-conscious emotions involve?
Feels that relate to the sense of self and consciousness of others’ reactions ot us
By what age do children exhibit embarrassment and shame. What are these emotions called?
By age 2; Called self-aware emotions
What do children understand about themselves at ages 3 to 4?
They understand themselves in terms of concrete, observable characteristics (ex. age, gender, name, location, etc.)
What happens to children’s self concepts in elementary school?
Self-concept is increasingly based on relationships with others, and others’ evaluations of them
What happens to children’s self concepts in adolescence?
The self is described with abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete characteristics and behaviors
What is self characterized by in early adolescence?
several forms of egocentrism, including personal fable and imaginary audience
What is personal fable?
A form of egocentrism that regards one’s own feelings as special
What is imaginary audience?
A form of egocentrism that leads one to believe all eyes are on them
What happens to children’s self concepts in late adolescence and early adulthood?
An individual’s conception of self becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think, reflecting internalized values and beliefs
What does Erikson say happens during the search for identity in adolescence?
identity exploration, establishment of personal values and beliefs, search for indent/purpose/place in society, and experimentation with roles and affiliations
What does self esteem reflect? When does it emerge? How does it change through adolescence?
It reflects one’s evaluation of one’s worth and feelings about that evaluation
Emerges around age 8
Becomes increasingly associated with peer relationships through adolescence
At what age does self-esteem peak
51 y.o or middle age
T/F Relative self esteem is stable and immutable
F Relative self-esteem is stable but is NOT immutable
Self esteem and ________ mutually influence each other.
Self esteem and SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS mutually influence each other.
T/F Self esteem is a predictor of life success.
F There is debate about whether or not self esteem predicts life success because there are a lot of confounding factors
What are identies?
Often, they are externally imposed definitions of the self (ex. titles, gender, race, etc.)
What is adolescence important in the identity search?
It is a transitional period without full commitment to adult social roles and identities
What are the five forms of the search for identity?
-Exploration of different identities
-Questioning beliefs and values
-Developing a sense of purpose
-Developing relationships
-Struggling with self-acceptance
What are the four groups of identity status developed by Marcia?
identity achievement, identity foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion
What is identity achievement?
The individual has explored potential identities and has committed to one.
What is identity foreclosure?
The individual has not explored potential identities and has chosen an identity based on the choices or values of others.
What is moratorium?
The individual is exploring various identities and has not yet made a clear commitment to any.
What is identity diffusion?
The individual is not making progress toward exploring or committing to an identity.
Identity ______ is associated with positive outcomes.
Identity ACHIEVEMENT is associated with positive outcomes.
T/F Self-development continues into adulthood
T
What six factors influence self-development.
genetics, environment, culture, social relationships, life experiences, and self-reflection
T/F Self is always expressed the same
F One’s self may be expressed differently in different contexts and relationships
What do individualistic cultures emphasize?
sulf-sufficiency, independence, autonomy, and uniqueness
What do collectivist cultures emphasize?
Interdependence
- social rules promote selflessness
-working as a group
-doing whats best for society
- familites and communities have a central role
