The Self

Question 1

What are the five aspects of self?

Answer 1

physical characteristics, personality traits, personal preferences, social and familial relationships, details of ethnicity/culture/nationality

Question 2

the self includes one’s ______, _____, and _______.

Answer 2

the self includes one’s SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-ESTEEM, and SELF-IDENTITY.

Question 3

What rudimentary sense of self do infants have?

Answer 3

Infants learn that they can affect their environments; Around 8 months, it becomes more distinct as separation anxiety becomes prevalent.

Question 4

At what age can children look into a mirror and realize that they are seeing themselves?

Answer 4

18 to 20 months of age

Question 5

What are four steps to develop mirror self-recognition?

Answer 5

1. social responses
2. physical inspection
3. repetitive mirror-testing behavior
4. realization of seeing themselves

Question 6

Chimpanzees decrease _____ behavior and increase ______ behavior over time. Do monkeys do the same?

Answer 6

Chimpanzees decrease SOCIAL behavior and increase SELF-DIRECTED behavior over time. Monkeys DO NOT do the same.

Question 7

T/F Only humans are successful at mirror self-recognition

Answer 7

F; great apes, elephants, dolphins, orcas, magpie, and coral reef fish are also successful

Question 8

What feelings do self-conscious emotions involve?

Answer 8

Feels that relate to the sense of self and consciousness of others’ reactions ot us

Question 9

By what age do children exhibit embarrassment and shame. What are these emotions called?

Answer 9

By age 2; Called self-aware emotions

Question 10

What do children understand about themselves at ages 3 to 4?

Answer 10

They understand themselves in terms of concrete, observable characteristics (ex. age, gender, name, location, etc.)

Question 11

What happens to children’s self concepts in elementary school?

Answer 11

Self-concept is increasingly based on relationships with others, and others’ evaluations of them

Question 12

What happens to children’s self concepts in adolescence?

Answer 12

The self is described with abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete characteristics and behaviors

Question 13

What is self characterized by in early adolescence?

Answer 13

several forms of egocentrism, including personal fable and imaginary audience

Question 14

What is personal fable?

Answer 14

A form of egocentrism that regards one’s own feelings as special

Question 15

What is imaginary audience?

Answer 15

A form of egocentrism that leads one to believe all eyes are on them

Question 16

What happens to children’s self concepts in late adolescence and early adulthood?

Answer 16

An individual’s conception of self becomes more integrated and less determined by what others think, reflecting internalized values and beliefs

Question 17

What does Erikson say happens during the search for identity in adolescence?

Answer 17

identity exploration, establishment of personal values and beliefs, search for indent/purpose/place in society, and experimentation with roles and affiliations

Question 18

What does self esteem reflect? When does it emerge? How does it change through adolescence?

Answer 18

It reflects one’s evaluation of one’s worth and feelings about that evaluation
Emerges around age 8
Becomes increasingly associated with peer relationships through adolescence

Question 19

At what age does self-esteem peak

Answer 19

51 y.o or middle age

Question 20

T/F Relative self esteem is stable and immutable

Answer 20

F Relative self-esteem is stable but is NOT immutable

Question 21

Self esteem and ________ mutually influence each other.

Answer 21

Self esteem and SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS mutually influence each other.

Question 22

T/F Self esteem is a predictor of life success.

Answer 22

F There is debate about whether or not self esteem predicts life success because there are a lot of confounding factors

Question 23

What are identies?

Answer 23

Often, they are externally imposed definitions of the self (ex. titles, gender, race, etc.)

Question 24

What is adolescence important in the identity search?

Answer 24

It is a transitional period without full commitment to adult social roles and identities

Question 25

What are the five forms of the search for identity?

Answer 25

-Exploration of different identities
-Questioning beliefs and values
-Developing a sense of purpose
-Developing relationships
-Struggling with self-acceptance

Question 26

What are the four groups of identity status developed by Marcia?

Answer 26

identity achievement, identity foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion

Question 27

What is identity achievement?

Answer 27

The individual has explored potential identities and has committed to one.

Question 28

What is identity foreclosure?

Answer 28

The individual has not explored potential identities and has chosen an identity based on the choices or values of others.

Question 29

What is moratorium?

Answer 29

The individual is exploring various identities and has not yet made a clear commitment to any.

Question 30

What is identity diffusion?

Answer 30

The individual is not making progress toward exploring or committing to an identity.

Question 31

Identity ______ is associated with positive outcomes.

Answer 31

Identity ACHIEVEMENT is associated with positive outcomes.

Question 32

T/F Self-development continues into adulthood

Answer 32

T

Question 33

What six factors influence self-development.

Answer 33

genetics, environment, culture, social relationships, life experiences, and self-reflection

Question 34

T/F Self is always expressed the same

Answer 34

F One’s self may be expressed differently in different contexts and relationships

Question 35

What do individualistic cultures emphasize?

Answer 35

sulf-sufficiency, independence, autonomy, and uniqueness

Question 36

What do collectivist cultures emphasize?

Answer 36

Interdependence
- social rules promote selflessness
-working as a group
-doing whats best for society
- familites and communities have a central role