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Clinical Parasitology Lec > TREMATODES (MONOECIOUS FLUKES) > Flashcards

TREMATODES (MONOECIOUS FLUKES) Flashcards

1
Q

Sheep liver fluke

A

Fasciola hepatica

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2
Q

Giant Liver Fluke

A

Fasciola gigantica

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3
Q

Chinese Liver Fluke/Oriental Liver Fluke

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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4
Q

Cat Liver Fluke

A

Opistorchis felineus

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5
Q

Southeast Asian Liver Fluke

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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6
Q

Lancet fluke/Lanceolate fluke

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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7
Q

➢ Large and ellipsoidal

A

Fasciola hepatica

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8
Q

➢ Thin-shelled with distinct operculum

A

Fasciola hepatica

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9
Q

➢ Yellowish to light brown in color

A

Fasciola hepatica

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10
Q

➢ Immature when laid

A

Fasciola hepatica

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11
Q
  • Greater in length,
    shorter cephalic cone
A

Fasciola gigantica

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12
Q
  • Larger ventral sucker
A

Fasciola gigantica

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13
Q
  • Reproductive organs are
    located on the anterior
    portion of the worm
A

Fasciola gigantica

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14
Q
  • The ovum is bigger
A

Fasciola gigantica

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15
Q

The ova of F. hepatica and F. gigantica are similar although F. gigantica egg is bigger

A

Fasciola gigantica

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16
Q

➢ Yellowish-brown with distinct convex operculum

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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17
Q

➢ Resembles an “old fashion” electric bulb

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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18
Q

➢ Fully embryonated when laid

A

C. sinensus
Opistorchis felineus

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19
Q

➢ Yellowish-brown, ovoid

A

O. felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

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20
Q

➢ Measuring about 26-30 um by 15-17 um

A

O. felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

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21
Q

➢ With distinct convex operculum and a small protuberance at the abopercular end

A

O. felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

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22
Q

➢ Fully embryonated when laid

A

C. sinensus
Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

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23
Q

➢ Operculated and measure 35-45 μm long by 20-30 μm wide

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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24
Q

➢ The eggs are thick-shelled and usually dark brown in color

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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25
Q

➢ Eggs are fully embryonated when shed in feces.

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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26
Q

➢ Large broad and flat body which measures about 20-50 mm in length and 6-12 mm in width

A

Fasciola hepatica

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27
Q

➢ A distinguishing feature is the cephalic cone which has a marked widening at the base of the cone (“shoulder”).

A

Fasciola hepatica

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28
Q

➢ Testes: tandem formation and highly branched

A

Fasciola hepatica

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29
Q

➢ Vitellaria: branched, found in lateral and posterior portion

A

Fasciola hepatica

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30
Q

➢ Ovary: branched/dendritic; located posterior to uterus and anterior to testes

A

Fasciola hepatica

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31
Q

➢ Uterus: short and coiled

A

Fasciola hepatica

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32
Q

adult worm is longer and its “shoulder” (cephalic cone) is less developed

A

Fasciola gigantica

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33
Q

➢ Ceca are more branched

A

Fasciola gigantica

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34
Q

➢ Branches of ovary are longer and more numerous

A

Fasciola gigantica

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35
Q

➢ Flat, transparent, elongated, rounded posteriorly and attenuated anteriorly

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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36
Q

➢ Cuticle – smooth and shiny

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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37
Q

➢ Ventral sucker – smaller than oral sucker

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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38
Q

➢ Testes – branched, arranged in tandem

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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39
Q

➢ Resembles Clonorchis sinensis

A

Opistorchis felineus

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40
Q

➢ Slightly shorter than C. sinensis measuring about 8-12 mm long and 1.5 to 3 mm wide

A

Opistorchis felineus

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41
Q

➢ Leaf-like in shape with transparent tegument

A

Opistorchis felineus

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42
Q

location of vitellaria, which are found in the middle third of the body at the level of the uterus

A

Opistorchis felineus

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43
Q

➢ Whereas the main difference is in the morphology and arrangement of testes

A

Opistorchis felineus

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44
Q

➢ Lobate testes, arranged obliquely

A

Opistorchis felineus

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45
Q

➢ Slightly similar as O. felineus

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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46
Q

adult in that the are positioned close to each other and are more deeply lobulated

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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47
Q

➢ Slender, lancet- shaped, flat

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticu

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48
Q

➢ Testes: Slightly lobulated, situated obliquely to each other anterior to the small subglobous ovary

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticu

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49
Q

➢ Oral sucker: smaller than ventral sucker

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticu

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50
Q

➢ Vitellaria: Scanty

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticu

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51
Q

1st IH:
- Water snail (Lymnea)

A

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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52
Q

1st IH: Operculated snails
o Parafossarulus
o Bulimus
o Semisulcospira
o Alocinma
o Thiara
o Melanoides

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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53
Q

1st IH:
- Bithynia leachi

A

Opistorchis felineus

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54
Q

1st IH:
- Bithynia spp.

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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55
Q

1st IH: Land snails
o Cochicella
o Helicella
o Zebrina

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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56
Q

2nd IH:
- Ipomea obscura (kangkong) - Nasturtium officinale (water cress)

A

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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57
Q

2nd IH: Fresh water fish o Tingea tingea
o Barbus barbus

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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58
Q

2nd IH:
- Fresh water fish (Idus melanotus, Tinca tinca, Cyprinos carpio)

A

Opistorchis felineus

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59
Q

2nd IH:
- Fresh water fish

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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60
Q

2nd IH: Ants (Formica fusca)

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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61
Q

METACERCARIA

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Clonorchis sinensis
Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini
Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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62
Q

Bile passages/bile ducts of fish- eating mammals

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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63
Q

Distal ducts occasionally pancreatic duct

A

Opistorchis felineus

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64
Q

Biliary ducts

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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65
Q

found in areas where sheep and cattle are raised and where humans consume raw watercress (Europe, Middle East and Asia)

A

Fasciola hepatica

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66
Q

more rarely in Asia, Africa, and Hawaii

A

Fasciola gigantica

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67
Q

Europe and Asia, including the former Soviet Union

A

Opistorchis felineus

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68
Q

Europe and Asia

A

Opistorchis viverrini

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69
Q

common parasite of ruminants but humans can be accidental definitive hosts

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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70
Q

o Liver rot disease/Fascioliasis hepatica

A

Fasciola hepatica

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71
Q

o Acute phase: (migration of the immature fluke through the hepatic parenchyma)

A

Fasciola hepatica

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72
Q

➢ Abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting

A

Fasciola hepatica

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73
Q

➢ Hepatomegaly, fever, urticaria

A

Fasciola hepatica

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74
Q

➢ Eosinophilia

A

Fasciola hepatica

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75
Q

o Chronic phase: (adult fluke within the bile ducts)

A

Fasciola hepatica

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76
Q

➢ Intermittent biliary obstruction and inflammation

A

Fasciola hepatica

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77
Q

➢ Ectopic locations of infection (intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngeal mucosa)

A

Fasciola hepatica

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78
Q

Diagnosis
1. Direct fecal smear examination

A

Fasciola hepatica

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79
Q

Diagnosis
2. Concentration sedimentation techniques

A

Fasciola hepatica

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80
Q

Diagnosis
3. Antibody detection

A

Fasciola hepatica

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81
Q

o Fascioliasis

A

Fasciola gigantica

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82
Q

Diagnosis
Same with F. hepatica

A

Fasciola gigantica

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83
Q

o Clonorchiasis

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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84
Q

o Carcinoma of the liver, adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder, as well as pancreatitis

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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85
Q

o Inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts → irritation of the bile ducts

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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86
Q

o Early infection:
➢ Leukocytosis and eosinophilia

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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87
Q

o Acute infection:
➢ Chills and fever up to 40°C
➢ Enlargement and tenderness of the liver;

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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88
Q

o Chronic infection:
➢ In the chronic stage, the clinical presentation may range from asymptomatic to mild to severe disease

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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89
Q

o Chronic infection:
➢ Cirrhosis and portal hypertension are present

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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90
Q

o Chronic infection:
➢ Cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatitis

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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91
Q

Diagnosis
1. Eggs in biliary drainage (most practical diagnostic method)

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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92
Q

Diagnosis
2. Adult worms can be recovered through surgery

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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93
Q

Diagnosis
3. Liver scan

A

Clonorchis sinensis

94
Q

Diagnosis
4. Phosphoglycerate kinase (a glycolytic enzyme) – can be used as an immunoreagent in the serodiagnosis for clonorchiasis

A

Clonorchis sinensis

95
Q

Diagnosis
5. Serologic tests: ELISA, EIA

A

Clonorchis sinensis

96
Q

o Opistorchiasis

A

Opistorchis felineus

Opistorchis viverrini

97
Q

o Most infections are asymptomatic

A

Opistorchis felineus

Opistorchis viverrini

98
Q

o Mild cases:
➢ Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation

A

Opistorchis felineus

99
Q

o Acute infections:
➢ Resembles Katayama fever
➢ Fever, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, athralgia, rash, eosinophilia

A

Opistorchis felineus

100
Q

o Chronic infections:
➢ Hepatomegaly and malnutrition

A

Opistorchis felineus

101
Q

o Rare cases:
➢ Cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholangiocarcinoma

A

Opistorchis felineus

102
Q

Diagnosis
1. Direct Fecal smear

A

Opistorchis felineus

103
Q

Diagnosis
2. Eggs in duodenal aspirate

A

Opistorchis felineus

104
Q

o Most pathologic manifestations result from inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts.

A

Opistorchis viverrini

105
Q

o Clinical manifestations: same with O.felineus

A

Opistorchis viverrini

106
Q

Diagnosis
Same as O. felineus

A

Opistorchis viverrini

107
Q

the eggs of C. sinensis, O. viverrini, and O. felineus are difficult to differentiate. However, when stained with KMnO4 and examined under a 400x magnification of a light microscope show distinct melon- like ridges on the surface of

A

Opistorchis viverrini eggs

108
Q

o Dricocoeliasis

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

109
Q

o Chronic constipation and hepatomegaly

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

110
Q

Diagnosis
o Diagnosis is based on microscopic identification of eggs in the stool, duodenal, and/or bile fluid

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

111
Q

Diagnosis
o Note that eggs may be detected in stool following consumption of liver infected with adult flukes

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

112
Q

Diagnosis
o Additional specimens should be collected to distinguish this spurious passage from a true infection.

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

113
Q

Diagnosis
o Adult flukes are rarely recovered

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

114
Q
  1. Thorough washing or cooking of vegetable
A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

115
Q
  1. Boiling of water in areas where the infection is endemic
A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

116
Q
  1. Eradication/elimination of the snail intermediate hosts
A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

117
Q
  1. Treatment of positive cases with praziquantel in order to eliminate human host reservoir
A

Clonorchis sinensis
Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

118
Q
  1. Health education for the promotion of cooked fish consumption in order to prevent infection
A

Clonorchis sinensis
Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

119
Q
  1. Proper human waste disposal in order to interrupt the transmission of the disease
A

Clonorchis sinensis
Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

120
Q
  1. Bithionol (treatment of choice)
A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

121
Q
  1. Emetine hydrochloride
A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica

122
Q
  1. Praziquantel
A

Clonorchis sinensis

123
Q
  1. Chloroquine phosphate
A

Clonorchis sinensis

124
Q
  1. Praziquantel (drug of choice)
A

Opistorchis felineus
Opistorchis viverrini

125
Q

It was first discovered by Busk in 1843, in the duodenum of an East Indian sailor who died in London. This fluke has been featured under a variety of names, due to its size, different shapes, and differences in integumentary spine pattern.

A

Fasciolopsis buski

126
Q

Garrison first found the eggs of this fluke in native prisoners in Manila in 1907, and later recovered 21 adult worms after administration of oleoresin of aspidium. Tubangui in 1931 found that the Norway rat was a reservoir of the infection.

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

127
Q

this minute fluke was first found by Bilharz in 1851 at the autopsy of a native Cairo

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

128
Q

Largest Intestinal Fluke

A

Fasciolopsis buski

129
Q

Garrison’s Intestinal fluke

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

130
Q

Dwarf Intestinal Fluke; Von Seibold Fluke

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

131
Q

Yokogawa’s human fluke;
smallest human fluke

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

132
Q

Asia and the Indian subcontinent, especially in areas where humans raise pigs and consume freshwater plants

A

Fasciolopsis buski

133
Q

Population of Ilocano in Luzon, Java and China where dogs are infected

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

134
Q

Mostly the Far East, Siberia, Balkan States, Israel, and Spain

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

135
Q

METACERCARIA

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Metagonimus yokogawai

136
Q

Small intestine and sometimes in Large intestine and stomach

A

Fasciolopsis buski

137
Q

Small intestine

A

Echinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyes

138
Q

▪ 1st snail IH: Planorbid snails o Segmentina
o Hippeutic
o Gyraulus

A

Fasciolopsis buski

139
Q

▪ 1st snail IH: Planorbid snails
o Gyraulus convexiusculus (Philippines and Java) o Hippeutis (Philippines)
o Gyraulus prashadi (India)

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

140
Q

▪ 1st intermediate host: Brackish water snails o Pirenella
o Cerithidea

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

141
Q

▪ 1ST intermediate host: Semisulcospira, Thiara, Hua

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

142
Q

▪ 2nd IH: Aquatic plants
o Trapa bicornis (water caltrop) o Eichuora (water hyacinth)
o Eliocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)
o Nymphaea lotus (lotus)

A

Fasciolopsis buski

143
Q

▪ Definitive host: Man and Pigs

A

Fasciolopsis buski

144
Q

▪ 2nd IH: Fresh water Mollusks
o Pila conica

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

145
Q

▪ 2nd intermediate host: Fish
o Mugil cephalus o Tilapia nilotica

A

Heterophyes heterophyes

146
Q

▪ 2nd intermediate host: Fresh water salmonoid fishes

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

147
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Large, has a clear thin shell with a small operculum at one end
A

Fasciolopsis buski

148
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Resembles “hen’s egg”
A

Fasciolopsis buski

149
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Immature when passed in feces; usually it takes 3-7 weeks to embryonate in water
A

Fasciolopsis buski

150
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Straw-colored with operculum at one end
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

151
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Measures 83-116 um by 58-69 um
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

152
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Immature when passed in the feces
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

153
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Light brown in color, thick shelled, operculated minute egg
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

154
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Contains fully developed miracidium
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

155
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Indistinguishable from H. heterophyes
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

156
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Thick, flesh in color
A

Fasciolopsis buski

157
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Cuticle is covered with transverse row of spines
A

Fasciolopsis buski

158
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Testes: dendritic or highly branched and in tandem positioned at the posterior half of the worm
A

Fasciolopsis buski

159
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Ovary: branched and located at the middle of the body
A

Fasciolopsis buski

160
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Vitellaria: highly branched
A

Fasciolopsis buski

161
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Elongated, reddish-gray with horse-shoe shaped collar of spines surrounding the dorsal and lateral sides of oral sucker
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

162
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Cuticle: with minute spine-like scales
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

163
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Oral sucker is at the center of the body; ventral sucker is located at the anterior fifth of the body a
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

164
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Testes: lobate; located posterior to ovary
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

165
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Ovary: globular; located anterior to the testes
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

166
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Uterus: looped, anterior the ovary
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

167
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Vitellaria: with small follicles which fills the lateral border of the posterior two-thirds of the worm
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

168
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ It is an elongate, piriform worm, with a broadly rounded posterior end and a more attenuate anterior end
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

169
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Cuticle is covered with minute scale-like spine
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

170
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Testes: ovoid and placed side by-side located at the posterior fifth of the body
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

171
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Ovary: globular located anterior of the testes
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

172
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Vitellaria: with large polygonal follicle in the lateral posterior third of the body
A

Heterophyes heterophyes

173
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ 1 mm to 2.5 mm by 0.4 mm to 0.75 mm in size
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

174
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Slightly resembles H. heterophyes
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

175
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Cuticle: covered with minute scale like spines
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

176
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Ventral sucker: large, situated at the right side of the midline with its axis in a diagonal line
A

Metagonimus yokogawai

177
Q

o Fasciolopsiasis

A

Fasciolopsis buski

178
Q

o Most infections are light and asymptomatic

A

Fasciolopsis buski

179
Q

o In heavier infections, symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, ascites, anasarca, and intestinal obstruction

A

Fasciolopsis buski

180
Q

o The patient may experience generalized toxic and allergic symptoms such as facial, abdominal walls, and lower limbs edema

A

Fasciolopsis buski

181
Q

o Profound intoxication can result into death

A

Fasciolopsis buski

182
Q

o Inflammatory lesions may develop at the sites of attachment to the intestinal wall together with a generalized toxic process

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

183
Q

o Usual symptoms are intestinal colic and diarrhea

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

184
Q

➢ The main symptoms are diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain.

A

Metagonimiasis

185
Q

➢ Migration of the eggs to extraintestinal sites
(heart, brain) can occur, with resulting symptoms

A

Metagonimiasis

186
Q

o Demonstration of eggs in the stool

A

Fasciolopsis buski

187
Q

o Vomitous sample may be used for detection of eggs

A

Fasciolopsis buski

188
Q

o NOTE: one should consider the resemblance between Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola eggs

A

Fasciolopsis buski

189
Q

Direct fecal smear examination

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

190
Q

➢ Microscopic identification of eggs in the stool

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

191
Q

➢ However, the eggs are indistinguishable from those of H. heterophyes and resemble those of Clonorchis and Opistorchis

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

192
Q

➢ Specific diagnosis is based on identification of the adult fluke evacuated after antihelminthic therapy, or found at autopsy

A

Metagonimus yokogawai

193
Q
  1. Since metacercaria are very sensitive to dryness, soaking of aquatic plants in water should be avoided
A

Fasciolopsis buski

194
Q
  1. The time between harvest and consumption could also be prolonged to prevent infection
A

Fasciolopsis buski

195
Q
  1. Washing of the plants to remove metacercaria or boiling them to kill the parasite can also prevent infection
A

Fasciolopsis buski

196
Q
  1. Swamps or ponds, where aquatic plants are cultivated should be protected from pollution by untreated human or pig excreta
A

Fasciolopsis buski

197
Q
  1. Community education
A

Fasciolopsis buski

198
Q
  1. Eradication of snail intermediate hosts
A

Fasciolopsis buski

199
Q
  1. Avoid eating raw aquatic plants
A

Fasciolopsis buski

200
Q

Individuals can avoid infection by not eating raw snails in endemic areas

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

201
Q

Praziquantel

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Metagonimus yokogawai

202
Q

Lung fluke, Oriental Lung Fluke

A

Paragonimus westermani

203
Q

METACERCARIA

A

Paragonimus westermani

204
Q

Lung Pockets

A

Paragonimus westermani

205
Q

▪ 1ST intermediate host: snail of genus Hua (Semisulcospira, Syncera and Thiara, Pomatiopsis, Pomacea, Brotia asperata – most common in the Philippines)

A

Paragonimus westermani

206
Q

▪ 2nd intermediate host: Fresh water crabs or crayfish

A

Paragonimus westermani

207
Q
  1. Ova/Eggs
    ➢ Operculated and ovoidal (80-120 um)
A

Paragonimus westermani

208
Q
  1. Ova/ Eggs
    ➢ Yellowish-brown to dark or golden brown on color
A

Paragonimus westermani

209
Q
  1. Ova/ Eggs
    ➢ Immature when laid with a germ cell and many yolk cells when oviposited
A

Paragonimus westermani

210
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Reddish brown in color
A

Paragonimus westermani

211
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Tegument is covered with single spaced spines
A

Paragonimus westermani

212
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Active state: spoon-shaped with one end contracted and other end is elongated
A

Paragonimus westermani

213
Q
  1. Adult
    ➢ Preserved state: oval, flattened, coffee bean shaped; has spinous cuticle and suckers of equal size
A

Paragonimus westermani

214
Q
  1. Adult
    ✓ Females:
    – ovary is lobed, located anterior to the testes on the right side opposite the coiled uterus
A

Paragonimus westermani

215
Q

➢(?) – at the extreme lateral fields on the entire length of the body

A

Vitellaria

216
Q
  1. Adult
    ✓ Males:
    – irregular lobed testes are oblique to each other and located at the posterior third of the body
A

Paragonimus westermani

217
Q

Paragonimiasis/Pulmonary Disturbances

A

Paragonimus westermani

218
Q

➢ Patient with this disease most often complain of cough and hemoptysis, clinical manifestations are consistent with Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB). Hence, patients with this parasitic infection are often misdiagnosed with PTB.

A

Paragonimus westermani

219
Q

✓ Chronic bronchitis

A

Paragonimus westermani

220
Q

✓ Hemoptysis

A

Paragonimus westermani

221
Q

✓ Abdominal pain

A

Paragonimus westermani

222
Q

✓ Dry cough and later produces blood stained sputum with foul odor

A

Paragonimus westermani

223
Q

✓ Chest pains, dyspnea

A

Paragonimus westermani

224
Q

✓ Low grade fever, fatigue and generalized myalgia

A

Paragonimus westermani

225
Q

o Definitive diagnosis is based on the detection of the characteristic eggs in sputum, stool, or less frequently, in aspirated material from abscessed or pleural effusion

A

Paragonimus westermani

226
Q

o However, detection of eggs in sputum or feces of patients with paragonimiasis is often very difficult

A

Paragonimus westermani

227
Q

o (?) – a typical finding is a ring-shadowed opacity, comprising several contiguous cavities that give the appearance of a bunch of grapes

A

X-ray

228
Q

o Serologic methods (CFT, EIA, Immunoblot assay)

A

Paragonimus westermani

229
Q

o Thorough cooking of crab meat

A

Paragonimus westermani

230
Q

o Health education to change food habits of the population

A

Paragonimus westermani

231
Q

o Praziquantel

A

Paragonimus westermani

232
Q

o Bithionol

A

Paragonimus westermani

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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