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Clinical Parasitology Lec > SECTION 5 > Flashcards

SECTION 5 Flashcards

1
Q

are unicellular organisms and the lowest form of animal life.

A

Protozoa

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2
Q

All protozoa fall under Kingdom.

A

Protista

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3
Q

They have been divided into several phyla but the major organisms causing disease in man belong to

A

Phylum Sarcomastigophora, Phylum Ciliophora, Phylum Apicomplexa, and Phylum Microspora.

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4
Q

Generally, protozoan parasites are provided with

A

nucleus/nuclei, cytoplasm, an outer lining membrane, and organelles.

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5
Q

Among these are locomotory apparatus, which include

A

cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia.

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6
Q

Many of these protozoans require a wet environment for

A

feeding, locomotion, osmoregulation, and reproduction.

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7
Q

They form infective stages called [?], which are relatively resistant to environmental changes compared to the vegetative stages called [?].

A

cysts

trophozoites

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8
Q

The parasitic species are capable of multiplying within the host and may be transmitted through a [?] within which they can also multiply.

A

biologic vector

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9
Q

rodlike supporting structure in some flagellates that gives rigidity

A

Axostyle

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10
Q

basal body origin of the flagella that supports the undulating membrane in blood flagellates

A

Blepharoplast

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11
Q

deep-staining DNA-containing portion of the protozoa nucleus

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

rod-shaped structure of condensed RNA material within the cytoplasm of certain amoeba cyst

A

Chromatoid bar/body

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13
Q

small, hair-like cytoplasmic projections from a cell organism

A

Cilia

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14
Q

thin, firm, rodlike structure running along the base of the undulating membrane of some flagellates

A

Costa

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15
Q

immotile stage protected by a resistant cyst wall formed by the parasite

A

Cyst

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16
Q

it is the INFECTIVE STAGE

A

Cyst

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17
Q

cell mouth present in some flagellates

A

Cytostome

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18
Q

gelatinous cytoplasmic material beneath the cell membrane

A

Ectoplasm

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19
Q

small mass of chromatin within the nucleus

A

Endosome

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20
Q

also known as the karyosome

A

Endosome

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21
Q

process when a cyst is formed

A

Encystation

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22
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING ENCYSTATIONS

A
  1. Deficiency or overabundance of food
  2. Excess of catabolic products of the organism or associated bacteria
  3. Marked change in pH
  4. Depletion/excess supply of oxygen
  5. Overpopulation
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23
Q

transformation from a cyst to a trophozoite after the cystic form has been ingested or swallowed by a host

A

Excystation

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24
Q

a tail-like extension of the ectoplasm that provides locomotion moving in a whiplike motion

A

Flagellum

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25
Q

intensely staining rod- or disc-shaped or spherical extranuclear DNA structure found in parasitic flagellates near the base of the flagellum

A

Kinetoplast

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26
Q

protoplasmic extension of the trophozoites of amoeba that allows movement and food engulfment

A

Pseudopod

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27
Q

delicate and fragile; feeding, reproducing, motile stage

A

Trophozoite

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28
Q

protoplasmic membrane with a flagellar rim extending out like a fin along the outer edge of the body of certain protozoa

A

Undulating membrane

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29
Q

I. Phylum Sarcomastigophora

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

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30
Q

II. Phylum Apicomplexa

A

❖ Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

31
Q

III. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

A

Class Kinetofragminophorea

32
Q

 move by means of cytoplasmic protrusions called pseudopodia

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

33
Q

 reproduce asexually

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

34
Q

 includes the amoeba namely, Entamoeba, Endolimax, Iodamoeba, Acanthamoeba, and Naegleria

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

35
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba) A. Species which colonize the large intestines

A

▪ Entamoeba histolytica
▪ Entamoeba coli
▪ Endolimax nana
▪ Iodamoeba butschlii
▪ Entamoeba dispar
▪ Entamoeba hartmanni

36
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba) B. Species which inhabit the oral cavity

A

▪ Entamoeba gingivalis

37
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba) C. Species which inhabit the brain

A

▪ Naegleria spp.
▪ Acanthamoeba spp.

38
Q

 move by means of flagella

A

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

39
Q

 reproduce asexually

A

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

40
Q

 includes the atrial and hemoflagellates namely, Giardia, Chilomastix, Trichomonas, Dientamoeba, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania.

A

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)

41
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) A. Species which inhabit the digestive tract

A

▪ Giardia lamblia
▪ Pentatrichomo nas hominis
▪ Chilomastix mesnili
▪ Retortamonas intestinalis
▪ Dientamoeba fragilis

42
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) B. Species which inhabit the oral cavity

A

▪ Trichomonas tenax

43
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) C. Species which inhabit the genitalia

A

▪ Trichomonas vaginalis

44
Q

Subphylum Mastigophora (Flagellates) D. Species which inhabit the circulatory system

A

▪ Trypanosoma spp.
▪ Leishmania spp.

45
Q

(previously referred to as Sporozoa)

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

46
Q

✓ The members of Phylum Apicomplexa have an apical complex at the anterior end which consists of polar rings, subpellicular tubules, conoid, rhoptries, and micronemes; these structures are involved in the penetration and invasion of target cells.

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

47
Q

✓ All members are parasitic

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

48
Q

✓ Very important groups of parasites fall under Class Sporozoa, namely, Plasmodia, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Isospora, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

49
Q

✓ These organisms have been reported practically from all organ systems of both humans and animals, specifically in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, CNS, respiratory tract, reticuloendothelial system, blood, and blood cells, eyes, skin, and even oral cavity.

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

50
Q

✓ Members of the Phylum Apicomplexa has a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations.

A

Subphylum Sarcodina (Amoeba)

51
Q

Suborder Haemospororina

A
  1. Plasmodium vivax
  2. Plasmodium falciparum
  3. Plasmodium malariae
  4. Plasmodium ovale
52
Q

Suborder Elmeriorina

A
  1. Cryptosporidium spp.
  2. Isospora spp.
  3. Sarcocystis spp.
  4. Toxoplasma gondii
53
Q

Subclass Piroplasmasina

A
  1. Suborder Babesiidae
    a. Babesia spp.
54
Q

 locomotion is accomplished by means of cilia

A

III. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA

55
Q

Class Kinetofragminophorea

A
  1. Subclass Vestibulliferia
  2. Balantidium coli
56
Q

(formerly classified with Sporoza)

A

IV. PHYLUM MICROSPORIDIA

57
Q

✓ Rarely cause disease in immunocompetent persons, but may do so with greater frequency in immunosuppressed persons.

A

IV. PHYLUM MICROSPORIDIA

58
Q

IV. PHYLUM MICROSPORIDIA

A
  1. Enterocytozoon bineusi
  2. Encephalitozoon spp.
  3. Vittaforma cornea
  4. Pleitosphora spp.
59
Q
  1. [?]-like organisms
A

Single cell

60
Q
  1. Movement: through organelles like
A

cilia, flagella, or pseudopod for locomotion

61
Q
  1. Nutrition: through
A

absorption of liquid or by the ingestion of solid particles or by both processes

62
Q
  1. Excretion: the cytoplasm contains [?] for maintenance of osmotic pressure and elimination of waste product
A

contractile vacuoles

63
Q
  1. Reproduction:
     Asexual
    – single division
    – repeated by binary binary fission of nucleus producing 2 daughter cells
     Sexual or Syngamy
A

➢ Amitotic

➢ Mitotic

64
Q

Basic Structures

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm/endoplasm
  3. Ectoplasm
65
Q

➢ Inner, finely granular cytoplasm

A
  1. Cytoplasm/endoplasm
66
Q

➢ For storage, synthesis, and digestion of food

A
  1. Cytoplasm/endoplasm
67
Q

➢ For locomotion, respiration, and discharge of metabolic wastes

A
  1. Ectoplasm
68
Q
  1. Ectoplasm
    ➢ Consists of:
A

o Plasma membrane
o Contractile vacuoles
o Cytostome
o Cytophage

69
Q

− Semi-permeable membrane

A

o Plasma membrane

70
Q

− For intake and out take of food

A

o Plasma membrane

71
Q
  • Regulation of osmotic pressure
A

o Contractile vacuoles

72
Q
  • Cell mouth; located laterally at the anterior end
A

o Cytostome

73
Q
  • Cell anus
A

o Cytophage

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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