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Clinical Parasitology Lec > SPOROZOA > Flashcards

SPOROZOA Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum: Apicomplexa → Class: Sporozoa → Blood species: Plasmodium

A

A. Plasmodium species

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2
Q

▪ Pathogenic to man

A

A. Plasmodium species

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3
Q

▪ Causative agent of malaria

A

A. Plasmodium species

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4
Q

Principal vector Anopheles minismus var. flavirostris

A

A. Plasmodium species

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5
Q

➢ Obligate intracellular parasites of blood and tissues

A

A. Plasmodium species

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6
Q

➢ Alternation of generations (sexual and asexual development)

A

A. Plasmodium species

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7
Q

➢ Alternation of host:

A

A. Plasmodium species

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8
Q

 Sexual cycle – female mosquito (Anopheles minimus flavirostris)

A

A. Plasmodium species

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9
Q

 Asexual cycle – man

A

A. Plasmodium species

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10
Q

✓ sporozoites liberated into the bloodstream via bite of an infected female mosquito

A

A. Plasmodium species

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11
Q

✓ through blood transfusion

A

A. Plasmodium species

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12
Q

✓ vertical transmission

A

A. Plasmodium species

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13
Q

➢ Anemia (due to massive red cell destruction), splenomegaly, joint pain

A

A. Plasmodium species

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14
Q

➢ Recurrent/Intermittent chills and fever (synchronized rupture of red blood cells)

A

A. Plasmodium species

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15
Q

 Every 36 hours:

A

Malignant Tertian Malaria (P. falciparum)

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16
Q

 Every 48 hours:

A

Ovale Malaria (P. ovale)

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17
Q

 Every 48 hours:

A

Benign Tertian Malaria (P. vivax)

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18
Q

 Every 72 hours:

A

Quartan Malaria (P. malariae)

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19
Q

➢ Quotidian fever – is caused by the asynchronous release of merozoites in the circulation

A
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20
Q

is most widely distributed and most prevalent worldwide

A

✓ Plasmodium vivax infection

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21
Q

is most likely fatal

A

✓ Plasmodium falciparum infection

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22
Q

: red cells, organisms and pigment can block the brain vessels

A

 Cerebral malaria

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23
Q

: sudden massive intravascular hemolysis resulting to hemoglobinuria

A

 Blackwater fever

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24
Q
  1. Microscopic identification of the malarial parasites in thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa or Wright’s stain is still important in making the definitive diagnosis and remains the gold standard method.
A

A. Plasmodium species

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25
Q
  1. Collection of specimen must be prior to fever spike
A

A. Plasmodium species

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26
Q
  1. Bone marrow (through sternal puncture)
A

A. Plasmodium species

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27
Q
  1. Serological tests (to detect the presence of malarial antibodies)
A

A. Plasmodium species

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28
Q
  1. Malaria RDTs (Rapid Diagnostic Tests):
A

 Plasmodium LDH
 Immunochromatography

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29
Q

– produced by both sexual and asexual stages and can distinguish between P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum species

A

 Plasmodium LDH

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30
Q

 Plasmodium LDH o Examples:

A
  1. Diamed Optimal IT
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31
Q

– detects Plasmodium-specific antigens; these target antigens are called HRP II (Histidine-rich protein)

A

 Immunochromatography

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32
Q

 Immunochromatography o Examples:

A
  1. Paracheck Pf test
  2. ParaHIT f test
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33
Q

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

A

I. Asexual phase in man (SCHIZOGONY/MEROGONY)

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34
Q

B. Erythrocytic schizogony

A

I. Asexual phase in man (SCHIZOGONY/MEROGONY)

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35
Q

C. Gametogony

A

I. Asexual phase in man (SCHIZOGONY/MEROGONY)

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36
Q
  1. Begins with the inoculation of the infective sporozoites to man during a mosquito blood meal
A

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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37
Q
  1. Within ½ hour, they are carried through blood circulation into the liver parenchymal cells where they undergo nuclear and cytoplasmic division and develop into pre/exo-erythrocytic schizonts
A

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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38
Q
  1. Schizonts rupture producing exoerythrocytic merozoites that reinvade liver cells, while other invade the RBCs
A

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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39
Q
  1. In the RBC, merozoite develops into trophozoite
A

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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40
Q
  1. In P. vivax and P. ovale, sporozoites develop into hypnozoites which remain dormant for years in the hepatocytes. At a predetermined time, the hypnozoites begin to grow and undergo exoerythrocytic schizogony releasing merozoites that invade RBCs causing a recurrence of the malaria attack
A

A. Pre-erythrocytic/Exo-erythrocytic schizogony

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41
Q
  1. The trophozoite further matures into schizont, then divide into erythrocytic merozoites
A

B. Erythrocytic schizogony

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42
Q
  1. RBC ruptures releasing merozoites into the bloodstream
A

B. Erythrocytic schizogony

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43
Q
  1. After 2 – 3 eryhtrocytic generations, Gametocytogenesis begins
A

C. Gametogony

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44
Q
  1. Some of the merozoites do not form schizont, but rather micro- and macrogametocytes which are infective to the mosquito
A

C. Gametogony

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45
Q
  1. The male and female gametocytes sucked in by the mosquito undergo maturation and differentiate into micro- and macrogametes
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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46
Q
  1. The microgamete exflagellates and fertilizes the macrogamete producing a zygote as a result of fertilization
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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47
Q
  1. Ookinete penetrates the stomach wall and forms an oocyst
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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48
Q
  1. Within the oocyst, numerous sporozoites are formed
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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49
Q
  1. Oocysts grows and ruptures releasing sporozoites
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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50
Q
  1. Sporozoites migrate through tissues to the salivary glands
A

II. Sexual phase in mosquito (SPOROGONY)

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51
Q

➢ Small ring forms (1/6 diameter red cell), applique forms, double nuclear dots

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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52
Q

➢ Organisms invades all ages of red blood cells (most severe)

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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53
Q

➢ Crescent/banana-shaped gametocytes

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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54
Q

➢ Single large compact ring or band forms

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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55
Q

➢ Invades old RBCs

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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56
Q

➢ Schizont with merozoites arranges around central pigment (resembles fruit pie)

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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57
Q

➢ Ovoid gametocytes

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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58
Q

➢ Single compact ring

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

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59
Q

➢ Large pale red cells with Schuffner’s dots which may be oval and fimbriated

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

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60
Q

➢ Single large ring succeeded by amoeboid form in pale large red cell

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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61
Q

➢ Schuffner’s dot (condensed hemoglobin) in red cells

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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62
Q

➢ Only reticulocytes are invaded

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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63
Q

➢ Round gametocyte

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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64
Q

Malignant malaria

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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65
Q

Quartan malaria

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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66
Q

Ovale malaria

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

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67
Q

Tertian malaria

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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68
Q

36- 48 hours

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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69
Q

72 hours

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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70
Q

48 hours

A

c. Plasmodium ovale
d. Plasmodium vivax

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71
Q

Not enlarged

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum
b. Plasmodium malariae

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72
Q

Sometimes enlarged; frequently oval with ragged margins

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

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73
Q

Enlarged

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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74
Q

Normal; multiply infected red blood cells are common

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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75
Q

Normal

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

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76
Q

Enlarged; approximately 20% or more of infected RBCs are oval and/or fimbriated (border has irregular projections)

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

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77
Q

Enrlaged; maximum size may be 1 – 2 times normal RBC diameter

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

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78
Q

6 – 32 (average is 20 – 24)

A
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79
Q

6 – 12 (average is 8); “rosette” schizonts

A
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80
Q

6 – 14; average is 8

A
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81
Q

12 – 24; average is 16

A
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82
Q
  • (Maurer’s dots occasionally seen)
A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

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83
Q
  • (Ziemann’s dots rarely seen)
A

b. Plasmodium malariae

84
Q

+ (James’ dots; present in all stages except early ring forms)

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

85
Q

+ (Schuffner’s dots; present with all stages except in early ring forms)

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

86
Q

Young rings are small, delicate, often with double chromatin dots

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

87
Q

gametocytes are crescentshaped or elongated

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

88
Q

Rounded, compact trophozoites with dense cytoplasm

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

89
Q

band-form trophozoites

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

90
Q

Rounded, compact trophozoites

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

91
Q

occasionally slightly amoeboid

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

92
Q

growing trophozoites have large chromatin mass

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

93
Q

Irregular, ameboid trophozoites

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

94
Q

has “spread out” appearance

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

95
Q

Accole or Applique forms

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

96
Q

May have multiple rings

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

97
Q

Band

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

98
Q

Red cell containing trophozoite may have fimbriated edges

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

99
Q

Amoeboid

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

100
Q

Black; coarse and conspicuous in gametocytes

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

101
Q

Dark brown, coarse, conspicuous

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

102
Q

Dark brown, conspicuous

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

103
Q

Golden brown, inconspicuous

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

104
Q

Sausage or crescentshaped

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

105
Q

Round

A

b. Plasmodium malariae
c. Plasmodium ovale
d. Plasmodium vivax

106
Q

Rings and/or gametocytes

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

107
Q

other stages develop in blood vessels of internal organs but are not seen in peripheral blood EXCEPT in severe infection

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

108
Q

All stages

A

b. Plasmodium malariae
c. Plasmodium ovale
d. Plasmodium vivax

109
Q

wide variety of stages usually not seen

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

110
Q

relatively few rings or gametocytes generally present

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

111
Q

wide range of stages may be seen on any given film

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

112
Q

Multiple infections YES

113
Q

Multiple infections NO

114
Q

Multiple infections RARE

115
Q

Highy mortality

A

a. Plasmodium falciparum

116
Q

Rarely fatal

A

b. Plasmodium malariae

117
Q

Least common ; ; Rarely fatal May cause relapses

A

c. Plasmodium ovale

118
Q

Most common ; Rarely fatal ; May cause relapses

A

d. Plasmodium vivax

119
Q

Phylum: Apicomplexa → Class: Sporozoa → Blood species: Babesia

A

B. Babesia species

120
Q

▪ Pathogenic: Babesia microti

A

B. Babesia species

121
Q

Definitive host: Animals (Deer)

A

B. Babesia species

122
Q

Infective stage: trophozoites liberated via the bite of deer tick

A

B. Babesia species

123
Q

Diagnostic stage: demonstration of characteristic ring forms in Giemsastained blood smears (thick and thin smear)

A

B. Babesia species

124
Q

Man infected by bite of a tick that belong to genus Ixodes (intermediate host); can be transmitted through blood transfusion

A

B. Babesia species

125
Q

 An obligate intracellular parasite (seen inside of an RBC measuring about 2 – 4 um)

A

B. Babesia species

126
Q

 Pear-shaped

A

B. Babesia species

127
Q

 Usually in pair or tetrads (resembling “maltese cross” appearance)

A

B. Babesia species

128
Q

symptoms resemble Malaria (Headache and fever ; Hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria in immunocompetent host)

A

B. Babesia species

129
Q

The subclass Coccidia includes species of

A

Toxoplasma, Isospora, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora

130
Q

 Schizogony (Asexual) in variety of nucleated cells

A

C. Coccidians

131
Q

 Sporogony (Sexual) in intestinal mucosa of definitive host: infective oocyst are excreted in the feces

A

C. Coccidians

132
Q

C. Coccidians Classification

A

✓ Intestinal Coccidian
✓ Tissue Coccidian

133
Q

− Prevalent in AIDS patient/immunocompromised persons

A

✓ Intestinal Coccidian

134
Q

− Infective stage: oocysts

A

✓ Intestinal Coccidian

135
Q

− Diagnostic stage: oocysts demonstrated in feces

A

✓ Intestinal Coccidian

136
Q

I. Intestinal Coccidian

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum
b. Cyclospora cayetanensis
c. Isospora belli

137
Q

II. Tissue Coccidian

A

Toxoplasma gondii

138
Q

Important opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

139
Q

▪ Definitive host: Humans

A

c. Isospora belli

140
Q

▪ Habitat: small intestines of man

A

c. Isospora belli

141
Q

➢ Ingestion of oocysts from food or water contaminated with animal feces

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

142
Q

➢ Oral-anal route

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

143
Q

➢ Direct contact with infected individual or animal

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

144
Q

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts in fecally contaminated food or water

A

c. Isospora belli

145
Q

 Immature oocyst ➢ 20 – 33 um by 10 – 19 um

A

c. Isospora belli

146
Q

 Immature oocyst ➢ Elongately ovoidal in shape with one end narrower than the other

A

c. Isospora belli

147
Q

 Mature oocyst ➢ 29 um by 14 um

A

c. Isospora belli

148
Q

 Mature oocyst ➢ Contains 2 sporocyst, each containing 4 sporozoites

A

c. Isospora belli

149
Q

− infective oocysts ingested in contaminated food and water

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

150
Q

− outbreaks have been associated with contaminated berries

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

151
Q

➢ Upon ingestion, sporozoites released from oocyst x

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

152
Q

➢ Develop in brush border of intestinal epithelial cells

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

153
Q

➢ Sporulated oocysts, containing 4 sporozoites each (no sporocysts), are passed in feces

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

154
Q

➢ Infective oocysts are transmitted via fecal-oral route

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

155
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

156
Q

➢ Causes intestinal infection: associated with watery, frothy diarrhea with oocysts shed in feces

A

Cryptosporidiosis

157
Q

➢ Causes chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised person

A

Cryptosporidiosis

158
Q

➢ Acute self-limiting diarrhea

A

Cryptosporidiosis

159
Q

Indistinguishable from cryptosporidiosis

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

160
Q

Human Coccidiosis

A

c. Isospora belli

161
Q

➢ Often asymptomatic and self-limiting

A

Human Coccidiosis

162
Q

➢ Symptoms range from mild gastrointestinal distress to severe dysentery

A

Human Coccidiosis

163
Q

 In mild cases: mild abdominal pain and mucoid diarrhea

A

Human Coccidiosis

164
Q

 In severe cases: severe abdominal cramps with milky, watery diarrhea

A

Human Coccidiosis

165
Q

Prevalent in AIDS patients/immunocompromised persons

A

Toxoplasma gondii

166
Q

DH cat

A

Toxoplasma gondii

167
Q

IH humans

A

Toxoplasma gondii

168
Q

intracellular obligate parasite of endothelial cells, mononuclear leukocytes, body fluids, and tissue of the host

A

Toxoplasma gondii

169
Q

➢ Accidental ingestion/inhalation of oocysts from cat feces

A

Toxoplasma gondii

170
Q

➢ Ingestion of undercooked meat or oocysts from cat feces

A

Toxoplasma gondii

171
Q

➢ Transplacental

A

Toxoplasma gondii

172
Q

➢ Organ transplants

A

Toxoplasma gondii

173
Q

: Major cause of encephalitis in AIDS px

A

Toxoplasmosis

174
Q

: ➢ Appears after the infection and regional lymph node invasion

A

 Acquired toxoplasmosis

175
Q

➢ Parasite is blood borne to many organs where intracellular multiplication takes place

A

 Acquired toxoplasmosis

176
Q

 Major cause of congenital toxoplasmosis among the newborns:

A

Congenital infection causes birth defects and mental retardation

177
Q

 Serological diagnosis: EIA and IFA – for detecting neonatal toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii

178
Q

 Sabin-Feldman Dye test: ➢ Methylene blue staining of tachyzoites inhibited by prior addition of patient serum containing antibodies of [?]

A

Toxoplasma gondii

179
Q

➢ Sugar floatation technique

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

180
Q

➢ Modified acid fast stain in feces:

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

181
Q

 Red spherical bodies, four sphorozoites

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

182
Q

 Oocysts are stained red against blue background

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

183
Q

 Average size: 4 – 6 um

A

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

184
Q

Modified AFS

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

185
Q

➢ Oocysts stain from light pink to deep red (acid-fast variable)

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

186
Q

➢ Average size: 8 – 10 um (larger than C. Parvum)

A

b. Cyclospora cayetanensis

187
Q
  1. Demonstration of oocysts in feces (transparent containing 1-2 sporoblast)
A

c. Isospora belli

188
Q
  1. Modified AFS
A

c. Isospora belli

189
Q

➢ Sporoblasts and/or sporocysts stain deep red

A

c. Isospora belli

190
Q

➢ Oocysts are ellipsoid with blunt ends

A

c. Isospora belli

191
Q

➢ Average size: 30 by 12 um

A

c. Isospora belli

192
Q

Newest group of obligate intracellular parasite

193
Q

➢ Not certain; most likely by ingestion of spores

194
Q

➢ Inhalation of spores, ocular exposure, and sexual intercourse may also be route of transmission

195
Q

➢ Similar with Cryptosporidiosis

196
Q

➢ Spores are very resistant

197
Q

 Electron Microscopy – necessary to speciate

A

D. Microsporidia

198
Q

 Serological testing

A

D. Microsporidia

199
Q

 Modified Trichrome stain:

A

D. Microsporidia

200
Q

➢ Concentration must be 10x higher that traditional trichrome stain

A

D. Microsporidia

201
Q

➢ Performed on unconcentrated specimen

A

D. Microsporidia

202
Q

➢ Spore walls stains bright pink; background stains green or blue (depending on the couterstain)

A

D. Microsporidia

203
Q

▪ The most common microsporidia causing enteritis among patients with AIDS

A

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Encephalitozoon intestinalis)

204
Q

▪ The organism is very small measuring about 1.5 – 4 um

A

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Encephalitozoon intestinalis)

205
Q

▪ Characteristic feature: spores containing a polar tubule, used to inject infective spore content into the host cells

A

Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Encephalitozoon intestinalis)

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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