BLOOD AND TISSUE FLAGELLATES Flashcards
No flagella
Amastigote
Leishmanial form
Amastigote
L. donovani
Amastigote
L. tropica
Amastigote
L. braziliensis
Amastigote
T. cruzi
Amastigote
Trypomastigote
Flagella in front of the nucleus
Promastigote
Leptomonad form
Promastigote
Sand fly (Leishmania vector)
Promastigote
Trypanosoma cruzi (transitional phase)
Promastigote
Flagella in the center of organism
Epimastigote
Crithidial form
Epimastigote
Tse tse fly
Epimastigote
Reduvid bug (trypanosome vector)
Epimastigote
Flagella originates at posterior end of the organism
Trypomastigote
Trypanosomal form
Trypomastigote
T. brucei rhodesiense
Trypomastigote
T. brucei gambiense
Trypomastigote
Trypomastigote
Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica
Oriental sore
Leishmania tropica
Delhi boil
Leishmania tropica
Aleppo button
Leishmania tropica
Forest yaws
Leishmania tropica
Baghdad or Jericho boil
Leishmania tropica
American or Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
Espundia, Uta, Chiclero ulcer
Leishmania braziliensis
Nasopharyngeal leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
New world cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
Visceral leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
Kala-azar fever
Leishmania donovani
Dumdum fever
Leishmania donovani
Death fever
Leishmania donovani
tropical splenomegaly
Leishmania donovani
Endothelial cells of the infected skin capillaries and within the cytoplasm of large phagocytic monocytes
Leishmania tropica
Mucocutaneous junctions, particularly the nasal septum, mouth, and pharynx
Leishmania braziliensis
Endothelial cells of the reticuloendothelial system: liver, spleen, bone marrow, and visceral lymph nodes and fixed tissue macrophages
Leishmania donovani
Phlebotomus papatasii
Leishmania tropica
Phlebotomus sergenti
Leishmania tropica
Phlebotomus peruensis
Leishmania braziliensis
Phlebotomus verrucarum
Leishmania braziliensis
Phlebotomus argentipes
Leishmania donovani
Bite of sand fly (Phlebotomus spp.)
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes (released via bite of a sand fly)
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Localized cutaneous infection which gives rise to a macule, then a papule, a raised lesion with depressed ulcerated center
Leishmania tropica
Primary lesion is similar to that of Leishmania tropica except the ulcer produced is a weeping lesion without a granular base
Leishmania braziliensis
Splenomegaly associated with severe anemia
Leishmania donovani
▪ Presence of lesions
Leishmania tropica
▪ Chronic ulceration of the exposed skin areas
Leishmania tropica
Primary sore – starts as a small papule → red itchy vesicle → ulcerate within 1-4 weeks then disappear or leave and open weeping sore
Leishmania braziliensis
Secondar lesion – invasion of mucous membrane; before and after the initial sore has healed; they are usually painful and may cause deformity of the nose and may destroy cartilages of the septum
Leishmania braziliensis
▪ Monocytosis and neutropenia with granulocytopenia
Leishmania donovani
▪ Infection of the bone marrow
Leishmania donovani
▪ Headache
Leishmania donovani
▪ Undulant fever
Leishmania donovani
▪ Hepatosplenomegaly
Leishmania donovani
▪ Black fever
Leishmania donovani
▪ Blood smear
Leishmania donovani
▪ Lymph node aspirate
Leishmania donovani
▪ Bone marrow puncture
Leishmania donovani
▪ Puncture of the ulcerated part
Leishmania braziliensis
▪ Demonstration of the parasite from smears prepared from lesion scrapings (particularly in the edge)
Leishmania braziliensis
▪ Skin scrapings (Wright’s or Giemsa stain)
Leishmania tropica
▪ Impression smears or tissue sections prepared from active lesions; biopsies should be obtained from elevated, inflamed margins of the lesion
Leishmania tropica
Demonstration of amastigote in macrophage in Giemsa stained smears from aspirates or biopsies from lesion
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
▪ Treat adequately all human cases harboring the parasite with antimony
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
▪ Secondary lesions are treated by topical disinfection, curettage or excision of redundant tissues (L. braziliensis)
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
▪ Eradicate breeding ground of sandflies
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
▪ Novy-McNeal-Nicolle medium
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
▪ Montenegro test – in vivo skin test
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmania donovani
Genus Trypanosoma exists in two forms:
✓ Epimastigote
✓ Trypomastigote
▪ Causative agent of African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
▪ Transmitted by the bite of infected tse tse flies of the Genus Glossina
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
▪ Characterized by an acute phase in which peripheral blood and lymph nodes are invaded, followed by a chronic phase in which the central nervous system is invaded, resulting in meningoencephalitis
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
▪ Coma state develops, commonly known as “sleeping sickness”
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
▪ Causative agent of American trypanosomiasis or Chaga’s disease
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
▪ Most common vectors are triatomid bugs, kissing bugs, or reduviid bugs
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
Demonstration of trypomastigote in thin and thick smears prepared from peripheral blood or CSF (C-shaped trypomastigotes)
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
Xenodiagnosis
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
: ✓ Use trypanosome free laboratory bred bug to bite infected individual
Xenodiagnosis
✓ Examine for the intestinal content of bug for metacyclic trypanosomes
Xenodiagnosis
▪ Mild African sleeping sickness
T. brucei gambiense
▪ West African sleeping sickness
T. brucei gambiense
▪ Gambian Trypanosomiasis
T. brucei gambiense
▪ East African sleeping sickness
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ South American trypanosomiasis
T. cruzi
▪ Chaga’s disease
T. cruzi
Central and West Africa
T. brucei gambiense
East and South Africa
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Asia minor
T. cruzi
▪ Middle and Southwest Asia
T. cruzi
▪ North Africa
T. cruzi
▪ Europe and Central America
T. cruzi
Glossina palpalis (tse tse fly)
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
Glossina tachinoides
T. brucei gambiense
Glossina morsitans
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Triatomid bug (Panstrongylus megistus)
T. cruzi
▪ Kissing bug
T. cruzi
▪ Assassin bug
T. cruzi
Insect bite after the complete cycle in the insect
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Bug bite and defecates on the wound
T. cruzi
▪ Blood transfusion
T. cruzi
▪ Sexual and congenital transmission
T. cruzi
Promastigotes
T. cruzi
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Parasitemia with different waves
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Winterbottom’s sign
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Kerandel’s sign
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
✓ Chancre
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
✓ Cervical lymphadenopathy
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
✓ Recurrent high fever
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
✓ Headache, rash
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
✓ Patient develops hepatic and renal damage, pericardial inflammation, muscle tremors, convulsion, and coma
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Gambian trypanosomiasis – CNS symptoms; takes years to develop
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Rhodesian trypanosomiasis – CNS manifestations; develop in 3 – 6 months
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
▪ Romana’s sign (edema of the eyelids)
T. cruzi
▪ Chagoma (initial lesion) chancre at the site of insect bite, enlarged lymph node and spinal fluid
T. cruzi
▪ Demonstration of trypomastigote from Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smears as well as aspirate from chancre at the site of insect bite, enlarged lymph node and spinal fluid
T. cruzi
▪ Demonstration of amastigote in macrophage
T. cruzi
Pentamidine and Suramine soprol
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
No drug available
T. cruzi
- Proper treatment of diagnosed individuals
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
- Eradication of breeding sites of tse tse flies
T. brucei gambiense
T. brucei rhodesiense
- Vector control
T. cruzi
- Screening and sterilization of blood transfusions
T. cruzi