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Clinical Parasitology Lec > SECTION 1 PART 2 > Flashcards

SECTION 1 PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is essential for the isolation and proper diagnosis of infection.

A

Proper collection of fecal sample

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2
Q

The following should be considered:

  1. Container: [?] (for physical examination of the specimen)
  2. Avoid contamination with [?]
  3. Label - [?]
A

sterile, disposable, wide mouth with tight-fitting lid, transparent

urine, water and soil

side of the container, not on the lid

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3
Q

Submission of specimen:
- liquid
- formed
- watery

A

30 mins - liquid
1 hr - formed
15-30 mins - watery

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4
Q
  1. Handle carefully because it is a potential source of infection unsuitable samples from patients receiving: UNSUITABLE SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS RECEIVING
A

a. Barium
b. Oil
c. Bismuth
d. Kaolin
e. Antibiotics

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5
Q

TYPES of FECAL SPECIMEN

A
  1. Liquid
  2. Soft
  3. Formed
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6
Q

– either diarrheic or saline-purged

A
  1. Liquid
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7
Q

: process of administering saline that are ways to promote evaporation of watery stool

A

saline-purged

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8
Q

a) Physical PRESERVATION

A
  1. Room temperature
  2. Refrigeration
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9
Q

b) Chemical PRESERVATION

A
  1. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
  2. 5-10% formalin
  3. Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF) or Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF)
  4. Schaudinn’s Fixative
  5. Sodium Acetate - Acetic Acid Formalin (SAF)
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10
Q

Refrigeration (?)

A

2 to 8 degrees; only formed to semi-formed

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11
Q

used for the preservation of stained fecal+ smears

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

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12
Q

aka Modified Schaudinn’s (with fixative)

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

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13
Q

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) components:

A

schaudinn’s fluid: 93.5 ml
glycerol: 1.5 ml
glacial acetic acid: 5 ml
polyvinyl alcohol (powder): 5 g

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14
Q

*Quality control: discard if cloudy

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

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15
Q

For concentration techniques or direct fecal smear

A

5-10% formalin

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16
Q

For cysts, helminthes and larvae

A

5-10% formalin

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17
Q

5-10% formalin
cysts:
helminthes and larvae:
stock solution:

A

cysts: 5%
helminthes and larvae: 10%
stock solution: 40%

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18
Q
  • may or may not have iodine
A

Direct fecal smear

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19
Q

Not sufficient for preparing permanent stained fecal smears

A

5-10% formalin

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20
Q

*Quality control: Heat at 60°C before use (temperature favors development of helminth)

A

5-10% formalin

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21
Q

Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF) or Thimerosal Iodine Formalin (TIF)

For bulk feces, the solution is mixed in the proportion of (?) and (?) for a gram of fecal material

A

9.4 ml MIF

0.6 ml Lugol’s

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22
Q

For fresh materials and those recovered from intestinal mucosal linings

A

Schaudinn’s Fixative

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23
Q

For permanent staining

A

Schaudinn’s Fixative

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24
Q

without mercuric chloride; lipid fixative with a long shelf-life

A

Sodium Acetate - Acetic Acid Formalin (SAF)

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25
Q

image of the organism if not sharp after staining

A

Sodium Acetate - Acetic Acid Formalin (SAF)

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26
Q

IMPORTANCE OF FECALYSIS
1. To detect the presence of [?]
2. For the detection of evidence of malfunction of some parts of the [?]
3. For the detection of [?]
4. For the detection of [?]
5. Used as a clue in [?]

A

intestinal parasites

GIT, liver and pancreas

GIT bleeding

excessive fats in stool (steatorrhea)

medical and surgical diagnosis.

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27
Q

Liver damage: [?] gives the normal brown color.

A

Stercobilin

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28
Q

may indicate billiary obstruction

A

Acholic (gray/no color)

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29
Q
  • upper GIT bleeding (red)
A

Hematochezia

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30
Q
  • black
A

Melena

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31
Q

Form and Consistency Normal:

A

soft to formed

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32
Q

Form and Consistency Variations:

A
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33
Q

seen in diarrhea and administration of saline cathartic

A

a) Very soft and watery

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34
Q

px taking taxatives

A

a) Very soft and watery

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35
Q

constipation due to lack of mucus

A

b) Excessively hard and scybalous

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36
Q

: goat-droppings

A

scybalous

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37
Q

cholera

A

c) Rice water stool

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38
Q
  • Does not flow on tilting due to trapped gas
A

Mushy

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39
Q

Sprue of excessive carbohydrate fermentation

A

Mushy

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40
Q
  • liquid and consist mostly of water
A

Diarrheic

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41
Q

early typhoid

A

d) Pea soup stool

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42
Q

syphilis, spastic colitis and obstruction at the lower portion of the colon (rectum or anus)

A

e) Flattened or ribbon like

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43
Q

fibrocystic disease of the pancreas

A

f) Butter like

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44
Q

excessive carbohydrate fermentation

A

g) Gaseous and fermentative

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45
Q

Color Normal:

A

light brown to dark brown due to stercobilin

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46
Q

Color Variations:

A
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47
Q

Oxidized [?] gives off bilirubin

A

stercolobilinogen

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48
Q

due to administration of santonin (antihelminthic) and senna (antihelminthic or pang purge from plant)

A

a) Yellow

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49
Q

seen after ingestion of Barium meals

A

b) Light clay or putty color (acholic/colorless)

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50
Q

(used before x-ray)

A

Barium

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51
Q

bleeding in the lower GIT (hematochezia)

A

c) Reddish or bloody

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52
Q

undigested beets and tomatoes

A

c) Reddish or bloody

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53
Q

bleeding in the upper GIT

A

d) Dark red/chocolate brown

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54
Q

intense intake of coffee, chocolate, cherries, and black berry

A

d) Dark red/chocolate

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55
Q

associated with digestion of blood due to bleeding in the upper GIT

A

e) Black/tarry

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56
Q

increased intake of bismuth and charcoal

A

e) Black/tarry

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57
Q

amoebiasis

A

f) Greenish

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58
Q

mucoid

A

f) Greenish

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59
Q

fishy order

A

f) Greenish

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60
Q

vegetable ingestion (green stool w/o amoebiasis)

A

f) Greenish

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61
Q

calomel, mercury, chloride

A

f) Greenish

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62
Q

cocoa and chocolate produce dark a stool

A

g) Gray

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63
Q

infants (normal) and adults (lack of bilirubin derivatives)

A

h) Golden yellow/yellowishwhite

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64
Q

bizarre colors, whitish discoloration, blue and orange red

A

i) Miscellaneous

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65
Q

(drug-intake)

A

bizarre colors

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66
Q

blue –

A

methylene blue/dithiozaline

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67
Q

orange-red –

A

pyridium

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68
Q

Odor Normal:

A

foul to offensive due to indole, skatole and butyric acid

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69
Q

Abnormal odors:

A
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70
Q

found in ulcerative and malignant tumor of the lower bowel

A

a) Putrid odor

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71
Q

indicates gas formation, fermentation of carbohydrate, unabsorbed fatty acids

A

b) Sour/rancid odor

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72
Q

usually in alkaline stools, putrefaction of undigested protein.

A

c) Extremely foul odor

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73
Q

antibiotic intake kills both pathogenic and normal flora causing alkaline ph of stool

A

c) Extremely foul odor

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74
Q

– not routine in the lab; blood not visible to the naked eye and only detected by chemical means

A

Occult blood

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75
Q

Laboratory Examination for Occult Blood:

A

a) Benzidine test
b) Guaiac;s test
c) Hematest

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76
Q

Laboratory Examination for Occult Blood - most commonly used

A

Guaiac;s test

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77
Q

General Principle: The peroxidase-like activity of blood (due to peroxidase contained in the heme portion of hemoglobin) decomposes [?] to produce [?]. The liberation of [?] causes the oxidation of the colorless chromogen into a colored compound (blue)

A

H2O2

water and oxygen

oxygen

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78
Q

Patient Preparation: meat free diet for [?] prior to the test

A

3-5 days

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79
Q

Cause False (+) Results

A
  1. Peroxidase activity substance or fecal material
  2. Iron in the diet
  3. Myoglobin in ingested meat
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80
Q

px should not eat:

A

melon, fresh uncooked broccoli, horse radish, cauliflower, and turnip

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81
Q

Cause False (-) Results

A
  1. Large amount of Vitamin C
  2. Breakdown of blood and its constituents
  3. Hemorrhage in the Upper GIT 4, Technical errors (personnel, reagent problem or quality control)
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82
Q

strong reducing agent that blocks the activity of Guaiac, Hematest, and Benzidine

A

Vitamin C

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83
Q

The following structures may be seen microscopically:

A
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84
Q

– seen in watery or diarrheic sample

A

a) Trophozoites and cysts of amoeba

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85
Q

– seen in formed stool

A

b) Helminth eggs and larvae

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86
Q

– depends on diet

A

g) Plant cells, pollen grain and spores

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87
Q

– from eosinophil and basophil; evidence of parasitic infection

A

l) Charcot-layden crystals

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88
Q

TECHNIQUES

A
  1. DIRECT FECAL SMEAR
  2. KATO THICK SMEAR (KTS)
  3. CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUES
  4. STAINING METHODS
  5. SPECIAL RECOVERY METHODS
  6. CULTURE METHODS
  7. ANIMAL INOCULATION TESTS
  8. XENODIAGNOSIS
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89
Q

– simplest and most frequently used

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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90
Q
  • for the observation of the motility of trophozoites
A

a) 0.85% sodium chloride/NSS

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91
Q

is used if there is no stain used

A

Normal saline

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92
Q

– for protozoan cysts and helminth ova

A

b) D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine

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93
Q

• For large scale examination

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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94
Q

• Satisfactory for all kinds of helminth eggs

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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95
Q

•Unsuitable for diarrheic stools

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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96
Q

•Unsuitable for protozoan cysts and trophozoites

A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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97
Q
  • reagent used kills cysts and thropozoites that will make them look like contaminants
A

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR

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98
Q

DIRECT FECAL SMEAR Reagents:

A

a) 0.85% sodium chloride/NSS

b) D’antonis solution/Lugol’s Iodine

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99
Q

KATO THICK SMEAR (KTS) Reagents:

A

Distilled water 100 ml
Glycerin 100 ml
3% malachite green 1 ml

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100
Q
  • green cellophane was formerly used; to prevent eye strain
A

3% malachite green

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101
Q

Use cellophane as cover slip

A

KATO THICK SMEAR (KTS)

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102
Q

KATO THICK SMEAR (KTS) Clearing time:

A

1 hour

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103
Q
  • used in the detection of a small number of parasites which are not detected using DFS
A

CONCENTRATION TECHNIQUES

104
Q

– uses either specific gravity or centrifugation

A

a) Sedimentation Method

105
Q

a) Sedimentation Method Types

A
106
Q

sediment - settles at the bottom; for all types of eggs especially operculated (with cap)

A

a) Sedimentation Method

107
Q

– concentrates helminth eggs, larvae and protozoan cysts

A

• Formalin-Ether techniques

108
Q

: fixative

A

formalin

109
Q

: removes lipids to clear the sediments

A

ether

110
Q

– used for formed stools; applicable for helminth eggs and larvae

A

• Acid-Ether Sedimentation

111
Q

: clearing agent

A

Acid-ether

112
Q

– time-consuming

A

• Simple sedimentation

113
Q
  • for concentration of microfilariae’ utilizes venous blood as specimen
A

• Knott Concentration Technique

114
Q

To diagnose elephantiasis

A

• Knott Concentration Technique

115
Q
  • settles above; not suitable for operculated ova (D. Latum - tapeworm; Fasciola - liver flukes)
A

b) Flotation method

116
Q

✓ Allows the separation of helminth eggs, protozoan cysts and larvae (1.05 – 1.15) using chemical solutions of higher specific gravity (1.12-1.21)

A

b) Flotation method

117
Q

✓ Eggs and cysts float to the surface of the solution while fecal materials sink to the bottom

A

b) Flotation method

118
Q

✓ Superior to sedimentation for concentrating cysts and eggs other than operculated, schistosomal and infertile Ascaris eggs

A

b) Flotation method

119
Q

b) Flotation method Optimal time:

A

5 to 20 mins (after 30 minutes destroys/disintegrates the cysts)

120
Q
  • valuable method for concentrating cysts and eggs
A

• Zinc Sulfate centrifugal flotation technique

121
Q

• Zinc Sulfate centrifugal flotation technique
- specific gravity:

[?] (hydrometer)
[?] formalinized feces

A

1.18

1:20

122
Q
  • Cryptosporidium (rounded oocysts)
A

• Sugar Flotation Technique/Sheather’s Sugar Flotation

123
Q

• Sugar Flotation Technique/Sheather’s Sugar Flotation COMPOSITION:

A

Sucrose (500g), Tapwater (320 mL), Phenol (6.5g)

124
Q

: to prevent mold formation

A
  • Phenol
125
Q
  • uses sodium chloride solution
A

• Wilie’s Brine

126
Q

• Wilie’s Brine COMPOSITION:

A

NaCl (40g) + Distilled water (100mL)

127
Q
  1. STAINING METHODS
A
128
Q

• 1% Isotonic Eosin Solution & 2% Brilliant Cresyl Blue
- Trophozoites-
- Background-

A
  • Trophozoites- blue green
  • Background- pink
129
Q

• D’Antonis

A

• 1% Isotonic Eosin Solution & 2% Brilliant Cresyl Blue
• Eosine in saline
• Buffered Methylene Blue (ex. Nairs Methylene Blue)

130
Q

b) Permanent Staining

A

• Gomori’s Trichrome Stain

• Lawless’ Permanent Mount Stain

• Modified Acid-Fast stain

• Iron Hematoxylin Stain

• MIF Fixative stain ( Merthiolate iodine formaldehyde)*

• Chlorazol Black E*

• Modified Kohn’s*

131
Q
  • Wheatley’s modification
A

• Gomori’s Trichrome Stain

132
Q
  • For intestinal protozoa
A

• Gomori’s Trichrome Stain

133
Q
  • Rapid method of staining trophozoites and cysts
A

• Lawless’ Permanent Mount Stain:

134
Q

• Lawless’ Permanent Mount Stain

  • Protozoa –
A

blue to purplish color

135
Q
  • Cryptosporidium, Isospora and Cyclospora
A

• Modified Acid-Fast stain

136
Q
  • Two separate stains: Carbol fuchsin and methylene blue
A

• Modified Acid-Fast stain

137
Q
  • lacks specificity
A

• Modified Acid-Fast stain

138
Q
  • diagnosis of Trichomonas
A

• MIF Fixative stain ( Merthiolate iodine formaldehyde)*

139
Q
  • An acid dye, used as a fat and general tissue stain, and to stain protozoa in fecal smears or in tissues.
A

• Chlorazol Black E*

140
Q
  • modification of the chlorazol black E staining technique
A

• Modified Kohn’s*

141
Q
  1. SPECIAL RECOVERY METHODS
A

a) Cellulose Tape Preparation/Graham Scotch Tape Method
b) Egg Count Technique
c) Egg Hatching Technique

142
Q

b) Egg Count Technique Methods

A
  1. Direct Smear Egg Count (Method by Beaver)
  2. Dilution Egg Count
  3. Thick Smear Egg Count
  4. Dilution-Filtration Egg Count
143
Q

✓ Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia

A

Cellulose Tape Preparation/Graham Scotch Tape Method

144
Q

✓ Collection: morning before the patient washes or defecates

A

Cellulose Tape Preparation/Graham Scotch Tape Method

145
Q

✓ Commercial collection kits are available

A

Cellulose Tape Preparation/Graham Scotch Tape Method

146
Q

Tongue depressor attached w/ glass slide and scotch tape

A

Cellulose Tape Preparation/Graham Scotch Tape Method

147
Q

– provides an estimate of worm burden

A

Egg Count Technique

148
Q

✓ Determines the degree of infection (light, moderate or heavy)

A

Egg Count Technique

149
Q

✓ For recovery of hookworms, Ascaris and Trichuris

A

Egg Count Technique

150
Q
  1. Direct Smear Egg Count (Method by Beaver)
  • 1.5 mg feces (?) = eggs per gram (epg)
  • 2.0 mg feces (?) = epg
A

667

500

151
Q

– uses 0.1 N NaOH - Stoll’s Egg Counting Technique

A
  1. Dilution Egg Count
152
Q

– KTS for schistosomes

A
  1. Thick Smear Egg Count
153
Q

– Schistosomes

A
  1. Dilution-Filtration Egg Count
154
Q

is a laboratory tool used to determine a given parasite’s resistance to extant drug therapy.

A

Egg Hatching Technique

155
Q

CULTURE METHODS PURPOSES:
✓ For accurate detection of the organisms as a [?] to other methods
✓ For obtaining a rich yield of organisms to be used as [?] in immunologic diagnosis [?]
✓ For in-vitro screening of [?]
✓ For investigating the [?] of organisms
✓ As a source for inoculating [?]

A

supplement

antigen

drugs

physiology

susceptible experimental animals

156
Q

CULTURE METHODS for PROTOZOA

A

a) Balamuth’s Monophasic Medium

b) Boeck & Drbohlav’s Diphasic as Modified by Dobell and Laidlaw

c) Cleveland & Collier’s

d) Trussel and Johnson’s medium (& Fineburg and Whittington)

e) Axenic Culture Method

157
Q
  • Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli
A

Balamuth’s Monophasic Medium

158
Q
  • E. histolytica
A

Boeck & Drbohlav’s Diphasic as Modified by Dobell and Laidlaw

159
Q
  • Concentrate from saline centrifugal sedimentation of feces rather than the feces is recommended.
A

Boeck & Drbohlav’s Diphasic as Modified by Dobell and Laidlaw

160
Q
  • Use of whole hen’s eggs
A

Boeck & Drbohlav’s Diphasic as Modified by Dobell and Laidlaw

161
Q
  • highly specific for E. histolytica
A

Cleveland & Collier’s

162
Q

Isolation of Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trussel and Johnson’s medium (& Fineburg and Whittington)

163
Q
  • histolytica
A

Axenic Culture Method

164
Q

CULTURE METHOD FOR HOOKWORMS AND STRONGYLOIDES

A

A. Coproculture

B. Harada-Mori or Test tube culture method

165
Q

CULTURE METHOD for LEISHMANIA & TRYPANOSOMES

A

a) Novy, MacNeal and Nicole (NNN) Diphasic

b) Cellular Media

166
Q
  • (+) stool samples are mixed with moisture soil/granulated charcoal for the development of larvae
A

Coproculture

167
Q
  • BAERMANN METHOD or funnel method
A

A. Coproculture

168
Q
  • (+) positive stool sample is applied to the filter paper, and immersed with boiled distilled water
A

B. Harada-Mori or Test tube culture method

169
Q

Strongyloides (strong) follows an upward movement unlike hookworm that goes downward

A

B. Harada-Mori or Test tube culture method

170
Q
  • Best medium
A

Novy, MacNeal and Nicole (NNN) Diphasic

171
Q
  • For Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma
A

Cellular Media

172
Q

• RBCs that have been coated with antigen are allowed to react with the test serum

A

Indirect Hemagglutinat ion (IHA)

173
Q

• The red cells agglutinate in the presence of specific antibady

A

Indirect Hemagglutinat ion (IHA)

174
Q

• Bentonite, latex particles or the organism is exposed to the test serum

A

Flocculation or Agglutination

175
Q

• Agglutination indicates the presence of a specific antibody

A

Flocculation or Agglutination

176
Q

• Microscopically visible parasites fixed on a slide are allowed to react with test serum

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)

177
Q

• The slide is washed and treated with AHG with fluorescein (Sandwich Method)

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)

178
Q

– very sensitive in several cases; requires concentrated
antigen

A

Gel Diffusion(Ouchterlony) and Countercurent Electrophoresis (CEP)

179
Q

• Test serum is placed in a well adjacent to the antigen

A

Gel Diffusion(Ouchterlony) and Countercurent Electrophoresis (CEP)

180
Q

• Both reactant are allowed to diffuse toward each other through the agar

A

Gel Diffusion(Ouchterlony) and Countercurent Electrophoresis (CEP)

181
Q

• Formation of precipitates/band between the

A

Gel Diffusion(Ouchterlony) and Countercurent Electrophoresis (CEP)

182
Q
  • color reaction is measured spectrophotometrically
A

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA)

183
Q

• Test serum is allowed to react with an antigen (coat the surface of plastic well).

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA)

184
Q

• Anti-human IgG antibody conjugated with enzyme is added.

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA)

185
Q

• If a specific antibody was present in the test serum, the anti-human IgG antibody labeled with an enzyme attaches to the antigenantibody complex.

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA)

186
Q

The addition of a suitable substrate generates a visible color reaction

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA)

187
Q

Enzyme linked immunosorbe nt assay (ELISA) spp

A

T. gondii, T. vaginalis, leishmaniasis, malaria, schistosomiasis etc.

188
Q

✓ Animal Used: hamster

A

Leishmania

189
Q

✓ Specimen: aspirates from biopsy materials from cutaneous ulcers, lymph nodes, spleen, liver

A

Leishmania

190
Q

Leishmania Specimen Collection

A

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intracerebral, intranasal

191
Q

✓ Animal Used: Guinea pigs or white rats (Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense)

A

Trypanosoma

192
Q

✓ White mice (?)

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

193
Q

✓ An experimental bug (vector) is allowed to take a blood meal from the patient

A

XENODIAGNOSIS

194
Q

✓ The intestinal contents of the bug is assessed for the presence of diagnostic stages of the parasite

A

XENODIAGNOSIS

195
Q

XENODIAGNOSIS Ex. T. cruzi from an

A

assassin bug or kissing bug

196
Q

: The trichrome technique of Wheatley for fecal specimens is a modification of Gomori’s original staining procedure for tissue.

A

Gomori’s Trichrome Stain

197
Q

It is a rapid, simple procedure which produces uniformly well stained smears of the intestinal protozoa, human cells, yeast cells, and artifact material in about 45 min or less.

A

Gomori’s Trichrome Stain

198
Q

: A rapid permanent-mount stain technic for the diagnosis of the intestinal protozoa

A

Lawless’ Permanent Mount Stain

199
Q

Use of the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain for faecal smears has already been established for coccidian protozoa, in particular, oocysts of Cryptosporidium species, but it is also useful to confirm the presence of oocysts of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

• Modified Acid-Fast stain

200
Q
  • used for most of the original morphological descriptions of intestinal protozoa found in humans.
A

• Iron Hematoxylin Stain

201
Q
  • On oil immersion power (1,000 x ), one can examine the diagnostic features used to identify the protozoan parasite.
A

• Iron Hematoxylin Stain

202
Q

can be used with either fresh, SAFpreserved, or PVA-preserved specimens.

A

• Iron Hematoxylin Stain

203
Q

✓ Fresh eggs are incubated from the parasite of interest and serial dilutions of the drug of interest are applied.

A

Egg Hatching Technique

204
Q

The percentage of eggs that hatch or die is determined at each concentration and a drug response curve may be plotted.

A

Egg Hatching Technique

205
Q

The data can then be transformed and analysed to give further statistics such as an ED50.

A

Egg Hatching Technique

206
Q

✓ This technique is labour intensive, expensive and can take some time, however an egg hatch assay will give and accurate and reliable

A

Egg Hatching Technique

207
Q
  • All liquid medium commonly used for the isolation and maintenance of Entamoeba histolytica and some other intestinal protozoa.
A

Balamuth’s Monophasic Medium

208
Q
  • It is satisfactory for Balantidium coli, although the quality and amount of starch may need to be adjusted
A

Balamuth’s Monophasic Medium

209
Q
  • Use of egg yolk
A

Balamuth’s Monophasic Medium

210
Q
  • Egg slant
A

Boeck & Drbohlav’s Diphasic as Modified by Dobell and Laidlaw

211
Q
  • highly specific for E. histolytica , which grows luxuriantly on this medium.
A

Cleveland & Collier’s

212
Q

Other intestinal amoebae do not grow readily on this medium.

A

Cleveland & Collier’s

213
Q

The technique of overlaying the medium with fresh sterile horse serum-saline mixture, as reported by

A

Cleveland & Collier’s

214
Q

was reported to be the best method of isolation of E. histolytica .

A

Cleveland & Collier’s

215
Q
  • Proteose peptone and infusion from liver provide amino acids and other nitrogenous substances that support growth of E. histolytica .
A

Cleveland & Collier’s

216
Q
  • Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic balance of the medium and sodium a-glycerophosphate acts as a phosphorous source.
A

Cleveland & Collier’s

217
Q

has been an essential component of numerous immunological and biochemical studies

A

Axenic Culture Method

218
Q
  • Monophasic clear liquid for rapid growth of dense populations of amebae
A

Axenic Culture Method

219
Q
  • Use of sterile defibrinated rabbit blood
A

Novy, MacNeal and Nicole (NNN) Diphasic

220
Q

amoebiasis, Chaga’s disease, malaria, toxoplasmosis, cystisercosis, hydatid cyst, filariasis, schistosomiasis

A

Indirect Hemagglutinat ion (IHA)

221
Q

Leishmaniasis, Chaga’s disease

A

Flocculation or Agglutination

222
Q

Detect amebiasis and fascioliasis infections

A

Gel Diffusion (Ouchterlony) and Countercurent Electrophoresi s (CEP)

223
Q

✓ Modification of the standard ELISA for increased sensitivity and specificity in detecting antibodies of the IgM class to Toxoplasma

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

224
Q

✓ Plastic well are coated with anti-human IgM antibodies

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

225
Q

✓ After washing, the test serum is added followed by further washing and addition of the test antigen

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

226
Q

✓ The final reagent is an antigen-specific antibody to which the color reagent has been conjugated

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

227
Q

✓ The plates are read spectrophotometrically

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

228
Q

✓ This method can be used for assay of parasitespecific IgE antibodies by starting with anti human IgE

A

Antibody Capture or Double Sandwich ELISA

229
Q

is based on the fact that live Toxoplasma tachyzoites can actively take up methylene blue dye from the culture medium, whereas parasites that are killed because of complement-mediated lysis do not take up the dye and remain colorless.

A

SabinFeldman Dye Test

230
Q
  • Specifically designed for the diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
A

SabinFeldman Dye Test

231
Q

is a serological test used for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.

A

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT)

232
Q

formation of the circumoval precipitin by serum from infected humans.

A

Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) Soluble egg antigens of Schistosoma japonicum block the

233
Q

was used to monitor purification of the soluble egg antigens of S. japonicum.

A

circumoval precipitin inhibition

234
Q

is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of antigens by use of antibodies.

A

Radioimmuno assay (RIA)

235
Q

As such, it can be seen as the inverse of a radiobinding assay, which quantifies an antibody by use of corresponding antigens

A

Radioimmuno assay (RIA)

236
Q

is a radioimmunoassay test to detect specific IgE antibodies to suspected or known allergens for the purpose of guiding a diagnosis about allergy

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

237
Q
  • In this test, the parasite antigen is first bound to an inert sorbent or matrix to which the test serum is allowed to react.
A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

238
Q

After washing, radio-labeled antibody (IgE or IgG) is added to the sorbent.

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

239
Q

After another washing to remove excess labeled antibody, the remaining radioactivity is a measure of antigen-specific IgG or IgE in the test serum

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

240
Q

CSF and serum may be used.

A

Immunoblotting/Western Blot

241
Q

By using electrophoresis technique, the DNA containing portion of the patient sample is transferred to a polyacrylamide gel.

A

Immunoblotting/Western Blot

242
Q

This process results in the separation of protein antigens in the gel.

A

Immunoblotting/Western Blot

243
Q

A blotting technique is employed to transport the proteins onto a paper.

A

Immunoblotting/Western Blot

244
Q

Giardiasis

A

Immunoblotting/Western Blot

245
Q

Three ingredients is necessary to for performing the first phase: patient serum, a commercial antigen source, known amount of complement.

A

Complement Fixation (CF)

246
Q

The complement is “fixed” by the antibodies present in the serum.

A

Complement Fixation (CF)

247
Q

In the 2nd phase, sensitized sheep’s rbc is added to the mixture.

A

Complement Fixation (CF)

248
Q

The absence of free complement prevents lysis of these cells ( positive). If the patient sera does not contain Ab, complement is free to lyse ( negative)

A

Complement Fixation (CF)

249
Q

leishmaniasis, Chaga’s disease, pneumocystosis, paragonimiasis

A

Complement Fixation (CF)

250
Q

Over the years, parasites which were once considered commensal have evolved to become

A

human pathogens

251
Q

During this time, tremendous knowledge was obtained of the epidemiology, parasite-host relationships, life cycles, disease processes and symptoms, treatment, and prevention and control of

A

parasites

252
Q

In addition, parasites are classified based on their individual

A

characteristics

253
Q

Traditional as well as new methodologies for parasite identification allow for

A

accurate laboratory diagnosis

254
Q

is an interesting and exciting field of the clinical laboratory sciences.

A

Parasitology

255
Q

The continued development of high-tech, highly sensitive[?] provides the key to the future of parasitology.

A

parasite test methodologies

256
Q

Because it is highly unlikely that parasites will totally be eradicated in the near future, competent practitioners educated in the field of parasitology are essential to ensure proper

A

parasite identification.

257
Q

preservation of trophozoites and cysts

A

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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