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Clinical Parasitology Lec > SECTION 2A > Flashcards

SECTION 2A Flashcards

1
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

Trichinella spiralis

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2
Q

Trichocephalus trichiurus

A

Trichuris trichiura

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3
Q

Trichocephalus dispar

A

Trichuris trichiura

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4
Q

Eustrongylus gigas

A

Dioctophyma renale

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5
Q

Trichina worm, Muscle worm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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6
Q

Pudoc worm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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7
Q

Capillary liver worm

A

Capillaria hepatica

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8
Q

Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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9
Q

Giant Kidney Worm

A

Dioctophyma renale

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10
Q

Encysted larva

A

Trichinella spiralis

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11
Q

3rd stage larva

A

Capillaria philippinensis

Dioctophyma renale

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12
Q

embryonated ova

A

Capillaria hepatica

Trichuris trichiura

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13
Q

Small intestine, skeletal muscles (larva)

A

Trichinella spiralis

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14
Q

Small intestine, large intestine

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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15
Q

liver of the host

A

Capillaria hepatica

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16
Q

cecum & appendix

A

Trichuris trichiura

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17
Q

Kidney (typically the right kidney)

A

Dioctophyma renale

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18
Q

4-16 weeks

A

Trichinella spiralis

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19
Q

5-10 years

A

Trichuris trichiura

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20
Q

5 years

A

Dioctophyma renale

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21
Q

ingested of encysted larva
(improperly cooked meat)

A

Trichinella spiralis

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22
Q

eating infected fish

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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23
Q

Distribution:
Philippines & Thailand

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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24
Q

✓ Eating of dog’s meat

A

Capillaria hepatica

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25
Q

✓ Ingestion of contaminated food and drinks (embryonated ova)

A

Capillaria hepatica

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26
Q

Intermediate hosts:
Same animal as the final host

A

Trichinella spiralis

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27
Q

Final hosts:
Hogs, rats, man

A

Trichinella spiralis

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28
Q

Accidental:
Humans

A

Trichinella spiralis

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29
Q

Intermediate hosts:
glassfish, “bagsit”, “bagsang”, “ipon”

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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30
Q

Definitive hosts:
Man and birds

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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31
Q

Hosts:
rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and rarely in human

A

Capillaria hepatica

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32
Q

Principal host:
man, but has been found in hogs, monkeys, cattle, dogs, mice

A

Trichuris trichiura

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33
Q

Intermediate hosts:
Oligochaete annelids

A

Dioctophyma renale

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34
Q

Definitive hosts:
Mink, dogs, foxes, and other carnivores; fish eating mammals

A

Dioctophyma renale

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35
Q

Paratenic hosts:
Fish and frogs

A

Dioctophyma renale

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36
Q

Larva: at birth

A

Trichinella spiralis

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37
Q

Larva 80-120 μm & highlycoiled

A

Trichinella spiralis

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38
Q

Larva has spear-like burrowing tip at its tapering anterior end

A

Trichinella spiralis

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39
Q

Larva grows rapidly about 1 mm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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40
Q

Adult: rarely seen in stool or any material

A

Trichinella spiralis

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41
Q

Females 3.5 mm x 0.06 mm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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42
Q

Females Posterior end: bluntly rounded

A

Trichinella spiralis

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43
Q

Females Anterior fifth: with single vulva

A

Trichinella spiralis

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44
Q

Females LARVIPAROUS

A

Trichinella spiralis

Capillaria philippinensis

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45
Q

✓ Males:
1.5 mm x 0.04 mm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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46
Q

Males Cloaca: internal cavity; last part of the rectum

A

Trichinella spiralis

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47
Q

Ova ✓ Color: Pale yellow

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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48
Q

Ova ✓ Size: 42x20 μ

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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49
Q

Ova ✓ similar to that of T. trichiura

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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50
Q

Ova ✓ smaller & more striated shells

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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51
Q

Ova ✓ Flattened plugs

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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52
Q

Ova ✓ Peanut shape

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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53
Q

Females size: 2.4 – 4.3 mm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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54
Q

Females Anterior: esophagus and esophageal
glands

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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55
Q

Females Posterior: intestine and reproductive organs

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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56
Q
  • uterus lined with 2-3 rows of eggs
A

Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female

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57
Q

Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female -

A

Larviparous

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58
Q
  • causes internal auto-reinfection
A

Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Atypical female

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59
Q
  • uterus lined with 1 row of egg
A

Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Typical female

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60
Q

Capillaria philippinensis ❖ Typical female -

A

oviparous

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61
Q

Males size: 2.3 – 3.17mm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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62
Q

Males caudal alae; long, non-spiny sheath

A

Capillaria philippinensis

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63
Q

Ova “lemon – shaped” eggs

A

Capillaria hepatica

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64
Q

Ova resembles that of Trichuris trichiura

A

Capillaria hepatica

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65
Q

Ova outer shell: pitted like golf ball

A

Capillaria hepatica

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66
Q

Adult males are half as long as the female with slightly chitinized spicule

A

Capillaria hepatica

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67
Q

Ova

Barrel/football-shaped
Japanese lantern

A

Trichuris trichiura

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68
Q

Ova 50 μmX25μm in size

A

Trichuris trichiura

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69
Q

Ova
3 layers:
- undeveloped, unicellular embryo
- outermost layer: smooth, bile-stained
- Hyaline/Mucus plug

A

Trichuris trichiura

70
Q

Adults Flesh: colored

A

Trichuris trichiura

71
Q

Adults anterior three-fifths is attenuated (whiplike)

A

Trichuris trichiura

72
Q

Adults stichosoma type of esophagus

A

Trichuris trichiura

73
Q

Females 35-50 mm

A

Trichuris trichiura

74
Q

Females bluntly rounded posterior end

A

Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura

75
Q

Females 3,000-10,000 eggs per day

A

Trichuris trichiura

76
Q

Males 30-45 mm

A

Trichuris trichiura

77
Q

Males posterior portion: coiled ( 360o)

A

Trichuris trichiura

78
Q

Males lanceolate spicule protruding through a refractile pineal sheath

A

Trichuris trichiura

79
Q

Ova ellipsoidal and brownish-yellow

A

Dioctophyma renale

80
Q

Ova deeply sculptured depressions

A

Dioctophyma renale

81
Q

Adults blood red in color

A

Dioctophyma renale

82
Q

Adults attenuated (slightly) on both ends

A

Dioctophyma renale

83
Q

✓ Females:
vulva: midventral near anterior

A

Dioctophyma renale

84
Q

Males Size: 14-20 cm x 4-6 mm

A

Dioctophyma renale

85
Q

Males Bell-shaped copulatory bursa

A

Dioctophyma renale

86
Q

Males not supported by rays; covering of papillae

A

Dioctophyma renale

87
Q

Trichinosis
Trichiniasis
Trichinelliasis

A

Trichinella spiralis

88
Q

Disease caused: Capillariasis or Mystery disease and Malabsorption Syndrome (flattening of the villi)

A

Capillaria philippinensis

89
Q

-Predominant Symptoms
✓ borborygmi
✓ abdominal pain
✓ Diarrhea (chronic)

A

Capillaria philipinensis

90
Q

✓ Death: 2 – 8 weeks after these are seen

A

Capillaria philippinensis

91
Q

Trichuriasis (Heavy infection)

A

Trichuris trichiura

92
Q

Trichucephaliasis

A

Trichuris trichiura

93
Q

Whipworm infection

A

Trichuris trichiura

94
Q

Trichuris trichiura
- Slight infection:

A

asymptomatic

95
Q
  • Heavy infection:
A

Trichuris trichiura surface of colon matted with worms (rectal prolapse)

96
Q

✓ Asymptomatic for light infections

A

Trichuris trichiura

97
Q

✓ Heavy infection: surface colon is matted with worms

A

Trichuris trichiura

98
Q
  • Bloody or mucoid diarrhea
A

Trichuris trichiura

99
Q
  • Weight loss and weakness
A

Trichuris trichiura

100
Q
  • Abdominal pain and tenderness
A

Trichuris trichiura

101
Q
  • Increased peristalsis and rectal prolapse
A

Trichuris trichiura

102
Q
  • Obstruction and inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis)
A

Trichuris trichiura

103
Q
  • Hypoalbuminemia and IDA
A

Trichuris trichiura

104
Q
  • Extreme cachexia
A

Trichuris trichiura

105
Q

✓ gastrocnemius and biceps

A

Muscle Biopsy

106
Q

✓ digest with pepsin-hydrochloride

A

Muscle Biopsy

107
Q

✓ 3rd or 4th week of infection

A

Muscle Biopsy

108
Q

✓ use antigen preparation of Trichinella larva

A

Bachman Intradermal Test

109
Q

✓ Observe after 30 minutes

A

Bachman Intradermal Test

110
Q

✓ (+) result: large elevated swelling at the site of injection (intradermal)

A

Bachman Intradermal Test

111
Q
  1. Muscle Biopsy
A

Trichinella spiralis

112
Q
  1. Bachman Intradermal Test
A

Trichinella spiralis

113
Q
  1. Beck’s Xenodiagnosis (albino rats)
A

Trichinella spiralis

114
Q
  1. Serodiagnosis
A

Trichinella spiralis

115
Q
  1. Bentonite Flocculation
A

Trichinella spiralis

116
Q
  1. Blood Count
A

Trichinella spiralis

117
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis: DFS & Concentration technique

A

Capillaria philippinensis

118
Q

Liver biopsy (revealing characterist ic egg and parasite)

A

Capillaria hepatica

119
Q

DFS, KTS, Concentration techniques

A

Trichuris trichiura

120
Q

eggs in urine (Urine sedimentation)

A

Dioctophyma renale

121
Q

Elimination of encysted larva in hogs through freezing at -30oC for 24 hours

A

Trichinella spiralis

122
Q

Extermination of rats and mice around farms

A

Trichinella spiralis

123
Q

Thorough cooking of pork

A

Trichinella spiralis

124
Q

✓ drug of choice

A

Albendazole

125
Q

✓ 400 mg/day for 10 days

A

Albendazole

126
Q

✓ destroys larvae readily

A

Albendazole

127
Q

✓ 200mg twice a day for 20 days or 400 mg/day for 20 days

A

Mebendazole

128
Q

Albendazole

A

Capillaria philippinensis

129
Q

Mebendazole

A

Capillaria philippinensis

130
Q

Electrolyte replacement therapy and high protein diet

A

Capillaria philippinensis

131
Q

Thorough cooking of fish (Kilawi)n

A

Capillaria philippinensis

132
Q

Sanitary disposal of feces

A

Trichuris trichiura

133
Q

Thorough washing of hands

A

Trichuris trichiura

134
Q

Thorough washing and cooking of food

A

Trichuris trichiura

135
Q

Avoid using human feces as fertilizer

A

Trichuris trichiura

136
Q
  1. Mebendazole (500mg)
A

Trichuris trichiura

137
Q
  1. Albendazole (400 mg)
A

Trichuris trichiura

138
Q
  1. Oxantel-pyrantel
A

Trichuris trichiura

139
Q

Surgical excision

A

Dioctophyma renale

140
Q
  • requires 2 hosts in order to complete the life cycle
A

BLIND ALLEY CYCLE

141
Q
  • Human infection is a dead-end infection
A

BLIND ALLEY CYCLE

142
Q

: inflammation of duodenal & jejunal mucosa, malaise, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal cramps

A

Intestinal

143
Q

: fever, facial edema (particularly in the eyes), pain, swelling & weakness of the involved muscle, eosinophilia

A

Muscle invasion

144
Q

: begins at about the end of the 3rd week; s/s subside; cyst wall then the larva itself CALCIFY

A

Convalescence

145
Q

✓ first week

A

Intestinal Phase

146
Q

✓ small intestinal edema and inflammation

A

Intestinal Phase

147
Q

✓ nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache and fever, myalgia

A

Intestinal Phase

148
Q

✓ up to 6th week:
- high fever (40oC)
- blurred vision
- edema of the face and eyes
- cough, pleural pains
- eosinophilia (15-40% for 1 month)

A

Migration Phase

149
Q

✓ 4th to 8th week: death

A

Migration Phase

150
Q

✓ acute local inflammation

A

Muscular Phase

151
Q

✓ edema and pain of the musculature

A

Muscular Phase

152
Q

✓ Larval encystation

A

Muscular Phase

153
Q

✓ muscle fibers

A

Muscular Phase

154
Q
  • 3-4 days after larval invasion
A

muscle fibers

155
Q
  • Edematous
A

muscle fibers

156
Q
  • spindle shape
A

muscle fibers

157
Q
  • lose their cross striations
A

muscle fibers

158
Q
  • undergo basophilic degeneration
A

muscle fibers

159
Q

: size and number migrate to the anterior of the muscle cell

A
  • Nuclei
160
Q

Predominating symptoms
✓ Eosinophilia
✓ orbital edema
✓ muscular pain and tenderness
✓ shallow, painful breathing
✓ general weakness

A

Muscular Phase

161
Q

✓ fever, weakness, pain and other symptoms start to abate

A

Encystment/Encapsulation Phase

162
Q

The (?) seems to be the most primitive group of nematodes.

A

Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)

163
Q

Mainly, they are free-living in soil and water; however, there are a few parasitic forms

A

Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)

164
Q

As the alternate name implies, they do not have phasmids, and the amphids are located posteriorly on the head region.

A

Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)

165
Q

In fact, they have no sensory bristles or papillae on the head and body.

A

Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)

166
Q

They are simple, spindle-shaped worms with simple excretory organs (single-celled).

A

Adenophorea (also called the Aphasmidia)

167
Q

Aphasmids are nematodes which lack phasmids or it lacks caudal chemoreceptors. The nematodes in this classification are:

A

✓ Trichinella spiralis
✓ Capillaria philippinensis
✓ Capillaria hepatica
✓ Trichuris trichiura
✓ Dioctophyma renale

168
Q

✓ Males:
Posterior end: ventrally curved with two lobular caudal appendages

A

Trichinella spiralis

169
Q

✓ Untreated:
✓ weight loss; malaise
✓ vomiting; dehydration
✓ anorexia
✓ pneumonia, heart failure and cerebral edema

A

Capillaria philipinensis

170
Q

✓ 400 mg/day for 10 days

A

Albendazole

171
Q

✓ destroys larvae readily

A

Albendazole

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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