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Clinical Parasitology Lec > TREMATODES > Flashcards

TREMATODES Flashcards

1
Q

Like the cestodes, the trematodes belong to the phylum

A

Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

For classification purposes, the flukes may be divided into four categories based on the areas of the body that primarily harbor the parasites:

A

intestinal, liver, lung, and blood.

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3
Q

Commonly known as the [?], these parasites vary in egg, larva, and adult morphology and production processes.

A

flukes

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4
Q

The trematodes can be divided into two groups, the [?] that infect organs and are foodborne, and the blood flukes or schistosomes that are [?] and infect by direct penetration.

A

hermaphroditic (self-fertilizing) flukes

dioecious (parasites that reproduce via separate sexes)

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5
Q

Common to all trematodes is their complex life cycle, which almost always include [?] as an intermediate host.

A

mollusks (snails)

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6
Q
  1. Morphology: [?] along a long axis and are usually [?], EXCEPT for the blood flukes which are [?]; [?] varies.
A

Broadly oval/leaf-like, bilaterally symmetrical ;

flattened dorsoventrally

cylindrical; shape and size

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7
Q
  1. Excretory system: bilaterally symmetrical and open at posterior end with
A

FLAME CELLS or SOLENOCYTES

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8
Q

• With an [?] extending from the mouth to a short narrow esophagus

A

oral sucker and a globular pharynx

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9
Q

• [?] is situated at the anterior end of the worm and is equipped with muscular suckers with spines or hooklets.

A

Oral cavity

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10
Q

Some species possess a large ventral sucker (?) posterior to the oral sucker

A

ACETABULUM

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11
Q

• bifurcates in front of the ventral sucker into a pair of blind intestinal caeca which may be simple or branched or may reunite to form a single caecum

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

• Digestion is predominantly an

A

extra-cellular process

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13
Q
  1. Nervous system: composed of a group of paired ganglion cells disposed like saddle on the dorsum of
A

pharynx/esophagus

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14
Q

• All are hermaphrodite/monoecious EXCEPT the

A

blood flukes

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15
Q

• All are

A

Oviparous

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16
Q

• Eggs are provided with a lid called [?], EXCEPT the blood flukes

A

operculum

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17
Q

• The male reproductive system is located at the [?] of the body.

A

posterior half

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18
Q

It consists of the [?]

A

prostate gland, seminal vesicle, cirrus, vas deferens, vas efferens, and testes

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19
Q

• The female reproductive system is composed of

A

uterus, mehli’s gland, ootype, vitellaria, seminal receptacle, and ovary.

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20
Q

Movement is either

A

through contraction, elongation or flexion

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21
Q

• The trematodes need [?] to complete their life cycle

A

body of water

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22
Q

• All require 2 intermediate hosts EXCEPT for

A

blood flukes

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23
Q

• All trematodes lay eggs which upon embryonation, give rise to a ciliated embryo known as [?] → [?] (Dioecious flukes) →[?] (Monoecious flukes)

A

MIRACIDIUM; CERCARIA; METACERCARIA

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24
Q
  1. Stages of Trematodes:
A

a. Egg stage b. Larval stages

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25
Q

– a ciliated embryo that hatches in water

A

▪ Miracidium

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26
Q

– sac like structure

A

▪ Mother sporocysts

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27
Q

/daughter sporocysts

A

▪ Rediae

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28
Q

– tailed and free swimming

A

▪ Cercaria/daughter redia

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29
Q

– the encysted resting or maturing stage

A

▪ Metacercaria

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30
Q

Testes types:

A
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31
Q

✓ Branched, arranged in tandem:

A

F. hepatica, C. sinensis, F. buski

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32
Q

✓ Lobulated, arranged side by side:

A

P. westermani

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33
Q

✓ Deeply lobulated, arranged in tandem or dumbbell testes:

A

E. ilocanum

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34
Q

✓ Oval or round, arranged side by side or slightly oblique:

A

H. heterophyes, M. yokogawai

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35
Q

✓ Lobular, obliquely arranged:

A

O. felineus

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36
Q

✓ Oval, round:

A

M. yokogawai

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37
Q

Ovary types:

A
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38
Q

✓ Branched:

A

F. hepatica, F. buski

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39
Q

✓ Lobulated:

A

C. sinensis, O. felineus, P. westermani

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40
Q

✓ Oval or rounded:

A

E. ilocanum, H. heterophyes, M yokogawai

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41
Q

Vitellariae types:

A
42
Q

✓ Highly branched:

A

F. hepatica, C. sinensis

43
Q

✓ Finely granular vitelline follicles:

A
44
Q

P. westermani, F. buski

A
45
Q

✓ Medium-sized vitelline follicles:

A

E. ilocanum

46
Q

✓ Compressed vitelline follicles:

A

O. felineus

47
Q

✓ Polygonal:

A

H. heterophyes, M. yokogawai

48
Q

Intestinal ceca types:

A
49
Q

✓ Branched:

A

F. hepatica

50
Q

✓ Simple:

A

F. buski, E. ilocanum, M. yokogawai, H. heterophyes, C. sinensis, O. felineus

51
Q

✓ Simple but arranged in zigzag fashion:

A

P. westermani

52
Q

Cercaria types:

A
53
Q

o Lophocercus:
❖ Simple tailed:
❖ Keeled-tail:

A

F. hepatica, F. buski, E. ilocanum
C. sinensis, O. felineus, H. heterophyes

54
Q

Microcercus:

A

P. westermani

55
Q

Forked tail:

A

Schistosoma

56
Q

2 intermediate hosts:
▪ Snails
▪ Fresh water

A

Monoecious

57
Q

1 intermediate host:
▪ Snails only vegetations

A

Dioecious

58
Q

Infective stage Metacercariae

A

Monoecious

59
Q

Infective stage Cercariae

A

Dioecious

60
Q

Operculated

A

Monoecious

61
Q

Non-operculated with spines

A

Dioecious

62
Q

Straight-tailed

A

Monoecious

63
Q

Forked or bifurcated

A

Dioecious

64
Q

Flat, leaf-like (hermaphrodites)

A

Monoecious

65
Q

Cylindrical, separate sexes

A

Dioecious

66
Q

Lungs, liver, and separate intestines

A

Monoecious

67
Q

Blood vessels

A

Dioecious

68
Q
  1. Liver flukes
A

a. Fasciola hepatica
b. Fasciola gigantica
c. Clonorchis sinensis
d. Opistorchis felineus
e. Dicrocoelium dendriticum

69
Q
  1. Intestinal flukes
A

a. Fasciolopsis buski
b. Echinostoma ilocanum
c. Heterophyes heterophyes
d. Metagonimus yokogawai

70
Q
  1. Lung fluke
A

a. Paragonimus westermani

71
Q
  1. Blood flukes
A

a. Schistosoma japonicum
b. Schistosoma mansoni
c. Schistosoma haematobium

72
Q

are considered as the most important digenetic parasites of man inhabiting the veins of their vertebrate hosts.

A

dioecious flukes

73
Q

The usual portal of entry into the definitive host is the skin.

A

dioecious flukes

74
Q

Members of this group parasitize fishes, turtles, birds, and mammals.

A

dioecious flukes

75
Q

There are at least four species (S. haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, and S. mekongi) that are important agents of disease in man, whereas others are incidental or potential human parasites.

A

dioecious flukes

76
Q

Species parasitizing man usually inhabits the mesenteric-portal and caval venous blood vessels.

A

dioecious flukes

77
Q

Males ➢ Larger than the female adult worm measuring about 12-20 mm by 0.5 to 0.55 mm in diameter

A

dioecious flukes

78
Q

Males ➢ Grayish in color and is attached by its suckers to the wall of the vessel

A

dioecious flukes

79
Q

Males ➢ With a gynecophoral canal on the ventral side which functions to surround almost completely the female adult facilitating copulation

A

dioecious flukes

80
Q

Females ➢ Average size is 26 mm in length by 0.3 mm in diameter

A

dioecious flukes

81
Q

Females ➢ Thread-like structure

A

dioecious flukes

82
Q

China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines

A

dioecious flukes

83
Q

The trematodes pass through three morphologic forms during their life cycle – eggs, multiple larval stages, and adult worms.

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

84
Q

The eggs, which are the primary morphologic form recovered in human specimens, vary in appearance.

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

85
Q

Some contain a lid-like structure called operculum that under appropriate conditions, flips open to release its contents for further development, such as in Fasciolopsis and Fasciola.

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

86
Q

Based on the organism’s life cycle, the trematodes may be placed into two categories, those that reside in the intestine, bile duct, or lung (organ dwelling).

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

87
Q

Human infection of such organ-dwelling flukes occurs following ingestion of water plants, fish, crab, or crayfish contaminated with encysted form of the parasite known as metacercaria.

A

MONOECIOUS FLUKES

88
Q

These large digenetic trematode species belong to the

A

Family Fasciolidae

89
Q

They are parasites found in the liver and biliary passages of humans and herbivorous mammals.

A

Family Fasciolidae

90
Q

are the causative agents of fascioliasis.

A

Fasciola hepatica (temperate liver fluke) and Fasciola gigantica (tropical liver fluke)

91
Q

The mode of transmission of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is through ingestion of [?] encysted on edible water plants or by drinking water contaminated with [?].

A

metacercaria

92
Q

Thus, the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is the same.

A

Family Fasciolidae

93
Q

These small digenetic trematodes (C. sinensis, O. felineus, O. viverrini) belonging to family [?] are parasites of the bile duct and gall bladder of humans and fish-eating mammals.

A

Family Opisthorchiidae

94
Q

The life cycle of these liver flukes is similar as well as their mode of transmission.

A

Family Opisthorchiidae

95
Q

The mode of transmission is via ingestion of the metacercaria of the parasite present in infected fish (2nd IH) that is eaten raw or undercooked.

A

Family Opisthorchiidae

96
Q

The distinctive feature of [?] is a head collar bearing one or two row of spines.

A

Family Echinostomatidae

97
Q

The tegument usually bears spines or scales, especially over the anterior part of the body.

A

Family Echinostomatidae

98
Q

are parasites of birds and mammals, and usually inhabits the intestine.

A

Family Echinostomatidae

99
Q

are small or minute intestinal parasites of birds and mammals.

A

Family Heterophyidae

100
Q

They are generally less than 1 mm long, pyriform or ovoid, with spiny integument.

A

Family Heterophyidae

Clinical Parasitology Lec (21 decks)

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